Assessment Details
1 Initial Setup
Items in this section are advised for all systems but may be difficult or require
extensive preparation after the initial setup of the system.
1.1 Filesystem
The file system is generally a built-in layer used to handle the data management of
the storage.
1.1.1 Configure Filesystem Kernel Modules
Several uncommon filesystem types are supported under Linux. Removing support for
unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of the system. If a filesystem
type is not needed it should be disabled. Native Linux file systems are designed to
ensure that built-in security controls function as expected. Non-native filesystems
can lead to unexpected consequences to both the security and functionality of the
system and should be used with caution. Many filesystems are created for niche use
cases and are not maintained and supported as the operating systems are updated and
patched. Users of non-native filesystems should ensure that there is attention and
ongoing support for them, especially in light of frequent operating system changes.
Standard network connectivity and Internet access to cloud storage may make the use
of non-standard filesystem formats to directly attach heterogeneous devices much less
attractive.
Note
: This should not be considered a comprehensive list of filesystems. You may wish
to consider additions to those listed here for your environment. For the current available
file system modules on the system see
ls /usr/lib/modules/**/kernel/fs | sort -u
Start up scripts
Kernel modules loaded directly via
insmod
will ignore what is configured in the relevant
/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf
files. If modules are still being loaded after a reboot whilst having the correctly
configured
blacklist
and install
command, check for
insmod
entries in start up scripts such as
.bashrc
.
Return values
Using
/bin/false
as the command in disabling a particular module serves two purposes; to convey the
meaning of the entry to the user and cause a non-zero return value. The latter can
be tested for in scripts. Please note that
insmod
will ignore what is configured in the relevant configuration files. The preferred
way to load modules is with
modprobe
.
Fail1.1.1.1 Ensure cramfs kernel module is not available
Description:
The
cramfs
filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in small footprint
systems. A
cramfs
image can be used without having to first decompress the image.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Run the following to unload and disable the
cramfs
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
cramfs
kernel module:
# modprobe -r cramfs 2>/dev/null
# rmmod cramfs 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
cramfs
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install cramfs /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install cramfs /bin/false" >> cramfs.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist cramfs
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist cramfs" >> cramfs.conf
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "cramfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - module: "cramfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "cramfs" is loadable
- - kernel module: "cramfs" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "cramfs" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.1_Ensure_cramfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.534+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53: CM-7 a</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Group ID: V-230498</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 9 STIG Group ID: V-257880</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893501_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "cramfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - module: "cramfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "cramfs" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "cramfs" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "cramfs" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "cramfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - module: "cramfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "cramfs" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "cramfs" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "cramfs" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53: CM-7 a
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Group ID: V-230498
- URL: RHEL 9 STIG Group ID: V-257880
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.1.2 Ensure freevxfs kernel module is not available
Description:
The
freevxfs
filesystem type is a free version of the Veritas type filesystem. This is the primary
filesystem type for HP-UX operating systems.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Run the following to unload and disable the
freevxfs
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
freevxfs
kernel module:
# modprobe -r freevxfs 2>/dev/null
# rmmod freevxfs 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
freevxfs
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install freevxfs /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install freevxfs /bin/false" >> freevxfs.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist freevxfs
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist freevxfs" >> freevxfs.conf
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "freevxfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - module: "freevxfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "freevxfs" is loadable
- - kernel module: "freevxfs" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "freevxfs" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.2_Ensure_freevxfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.534+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53: CM-7 a</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A: CM-7.1 (ii)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893508_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "freevxfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - module: "freevxfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "freevxfs" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "freevxfs" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "freevxfs" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "freevxfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - module: "freevxfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "freevxfs" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "freevxfs" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "freevxfs" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53: CM-7 a
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A: CM-7.1 (ii)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.1.3 Ensure hfs kernel module is not available
Description:
The
hfs
filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem that allows you to mount Mac OS filesystems.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Run the following to unload and disable the
hfs
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
hfs
kernel module:
# modprobe -r hfs 2>/dev/null
# rmmod hfs 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
hfs
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install hfs /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install hfs /bin/false" >> hfs.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist hfs
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist hfs" >> hfs.conf
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "hfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - module: "hfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "hfs" is loadable
- - kernel module: "hfs" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "hfs" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.3_Ensure_hfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.534+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53: CM-7 a</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893511_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "hfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - module: "hfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "hfs" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "hfs" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "hfs" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "hfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - module: "hfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "hfs" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "hfs" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "hfs" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53: CM-7 a
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.1.4 Ensure hfsplus kernel module is not available
Description:
The
hfsplus
filesystem type is a hierarchical filesystem designed to replace
hfs
that allows you to mount Mac OS filesystems.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Run the following to unload and disable the
hfsplus
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
hfsplus
kernel module:
# modprobe -r hfsplus 2>/dev/null
# rmmod hfsplus 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
hfsplus
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install hfsplus /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install hfsplus /bin/false" >> hfsplus.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist hfsplus
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist hfsplus" >> hfsplus.conf
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "hfsplus" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - module: "hfsplus" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "hfsplus" is loadable
- - kernel module: "hfsplus" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "hfsplus" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.4_Ensure_hfsplus_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.534+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7 a</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893515_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "hfsplus" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - module: "hfsplus" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "hfsplus" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "hfsplus" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "hfsplus" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "hfsplus" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - module: "hfsplus" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "hfsplus" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "hfsplus" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "hfsplus" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7 a
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.1.5 Ensure jffs2 kernel module is not available
Description:
The
jffs2
(journaling flash filesystem 2) filesystem type is a log-structured filesystem used
in flash memory devices.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Run the following to unload and disable the
jffs2
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
jffs2
kernel module:
# modprobe -r jffs2 2>/dev/null
# rmmod jffs2 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
jffs2
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install jffs2 /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install jffs2 /bin/false" >> jffs2.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist jffs2
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist jffs2" >> jffs2.conf
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "jffs2" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - module: "jffs2" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "jffs2" is loadable
- - kernel module: "jffs2" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "jffs2" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.5_Ensure_jffs2_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.535+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893519_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "jffs2" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - module: "jffs2" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "jffs2" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "jffs2" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "jffs2" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "jffs2" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - module: "jffs2" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "jffs2" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "jffs2" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "jffs2" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.1.6 Ensure overlay kernel module is not available
Description:
overlay
is a Linux filesystem that layers multiple filesystems to create a single unified
view which allows a user to "merge" several mount points into a unified filesystem.
The
overlay
has known CVE's: CVE-2023-32629, CVE-2023-2640, CVE-2023-0386. Disabling the
overlay
reduces the local attack surface by removing support for unnecessary filesystem types
and mitigates potential risks associated with unauthorized execution of setuid files,
enhancing the overall system security.
Run the following to unload and disable the
overlay
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
overlay
kernel module:
# modprobe -r overlay 2>/dev/null
# rmmod overlay 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
overlay
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install overlay /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install overlay /bin/false" >> overlay.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist overlay
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist overlay" >> overlay.conf
Impact:
WARNING:
If Container applications such as Docker, Kubernetes, Podman, Linux Containers (LXC),
etc. are in use proceed with caution and consider the impact on containerized workloads,
as disabling the
overlay
may severely disrupt containerization.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "overlayfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - module: "overlayfs" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "overlayfs" is loadable
- - kernel module: "overlayfs" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "overlayfs" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.6_Ensure_overlay_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.535+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/overlayfs.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Overlay_filesystem</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=overlayfs</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893525_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "overlayfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - module: "overlayfs" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "overlayfs" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "overlayfs" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "overlayfs" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "overlayfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - module: "overlayfs" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "overlayfs" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "overlayfs" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "overlayfs" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
- URL: https://docs.kernel.org/filesystems/overlayfs.html
- URL: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Overlay_filesystem
- URL: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=overlayfs
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.1.7 Ensure squashfs kernel module is not available
Description:
The
squashfs
filesystem type is a compressed read-only Linux filesystem embedded in small footprint
systems. A
squashfs
image can be used without having to first decompress the image.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Run the following to unload and disable the
squashfs
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
squashfs
kernel module:
# modprobe -r squashfs 2>/dev/null
# rmmod squashfs 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
squashfs
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install squashfs /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install squashfs /bin/false" >> squashfs.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist squashfs
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist squashfs" >> squashfs.conf
Impact:
As Snap packages utilize
squashfs
as a compressed filesystem, disabling
squashfs
will cause Snap packages to fail.
Snap
application packages of software are self-contained and work across a range of Linux
distributions. This is unlike traditional Linux package management approaches, like
APT or RPM, which require specifically adapted packages per Linux distribution on
an application update and delay therefore application deployment from developers to
their software's end-user. Snaps themselves have no dependency on any external store
("App store"), can be obtained from any source and can be therefore used for upstream
software deployment.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - kernel module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - kernel module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.7_Ensure_squashfs_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.535+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893529_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - kernel module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - kernel module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - kernel module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - kernel module: "squashfs" doesn't exist in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.1.8 Ensure udf kernel module is not available
Description:
The
udf
filesystem type is the universal disk format used to implement ISO/IEC 13346 and ECMA-167
specifications. This is an open vendor filesystem type for data storage on a broad
range of media. This filesystem type is necessary to support writing DVDs and newer
optical disc formats.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it.
Run the following to unload and disable the
udf
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
udf
kernel module:
# modprobe -r udf 2>/dev/null
# rmmod udf 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
udf
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install udf /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install udf /bin/false" >> udf.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist udf
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist udf" >> udf.conf
Impact:
Microsoft Azure requires the usage of
udf
.
udfshould not
be disabled on systems run on Microsoft Azure.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "udf" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"
- - module: "udf" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "udf" is loadable
- - kernel module: "udf" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "udf" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.8_Ensure_udf_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.536+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893533_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "udf" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l> - module: "udf" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "udf" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "udf" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "udf" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "udf" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li> - module: "udf" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/fs"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "udf" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "udf" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "udf" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.1.9 Ensure usb-storage kernel module is not available
Description:
USB storage provides a means to transfer and store files ensuring persistence and
availability of the files independent of network connection status. Its popularity
and utility has led to USB-based malware being a simple and common means for network
infiltration and a first step to establishing a persistent threat within a networked
environment.
Restricting USB access on the system will decrease the physical attack surface for
a device and diminish the possible vectors to introduce malware.
Run the following to unload and disable the
usb-storage
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
usb-storage
kernel module:
# modprobe -r usb-storage 2>/dev/null
# rmmod usb-storage 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
usb-storage
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install usb_storage /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install usb_storage /bin/false" >> usb-storage.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist usb_storage
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist usb_storage" >> usb-storage.conf
Impact:
Disabling the
usb-storage
module will disable any usage of USB storage devices.
If requirements and local site policy allow the use of such devices, other solutions
should be configured accordingly instead. One example of a commonly used solution
is
USBGuard
.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "usb-storage" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/drivers"
- - module: "usb-storage" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/drivers"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "usb-storage" is loadable
- - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.9_Ensure_usb-storage_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.536+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/13/subcontrol/7"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230503</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230503r942936</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">Ubuntu 22.04 STIG Vul ID: V-260540</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">Ubuntu 22.04 STIG Rule ID: SV-260540r986276</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893537_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "usb-storage" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/drivers"</l>
<l> - module: "usb-storage" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/drivers"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "usb-storage" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "usb-storage" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/drivers"</li>
<li> - module: "usb-storage" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/drivers"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "usb-storage" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "usb-storage" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230503
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230503r942936
- URL: Ubuntu 22.04 STIG Vul ID: V-260540
- URL: Ubuntu 22.04 STIG Rule ID: SV-260540r986276
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 13: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to prevent data exfiltration, mitigate the effects of
exfiltrated data, and ensure the privacy and integrity of sensitive information. |
| Subcontrol: |
13.7 |
| Label: |
Manage USB Devices |
| Description: |
If USB storage devices are required, enterprise software should be used that can configure
systems to allow the use of specific devices. An inventory of such devices should
be maintained. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications,
code, or scripts on enterprise assets. |
| Safeguard: |
10.3 |
| Label: |
Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media |
| Description: |
Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual1.1.1.10 Ensure unused filesystems kernel modules are not available
Description:
Filesystem kernel modules are pieces of code that can be dynamically loaded into the
Linux kernel to extend its filesystem capabilities, or so-called base kernel, of an
operating system. Filesystem kernel modules are typically used to add support for
new hardware (as device drivers), or for adding system calls.
While loadable filesystem kernel modules are a convenient method of modifying the
running kernel, this can be abused by attackers on a compromised system to prevent
detection of their processes or files, allowing them to maintain control over the
system. Many rootkits make use of loadable filesystem kernel modules in this way.
Removing support for unneeded filesystem types reduces the local attack surface of
the system. If this filesystem type is not needed, disable it. The following filesystem
kernel modules have known CVE's and should be made unavailable if no dependencies
exist:
- afs
- CVE-2022-37402
- ceph
- CVE-2022-0670
- cifs
- CVE-2022-29869
- exfat
CVE-2022-29973
- ext
CVE-2022-1184
- fat
CVE-2022-22043
- fscache
CVE-2022-3630
- fuse
CVE-2023-0386
- gfs2
CVE-2023-3212
- nfs_common
CVE-2023-6660
- nfsd
CVE-2022-43945
- smbfs_common
CVE-2022-2585
- IF -
the module is available in the running kernel:
- Unload the filesystem kernel module from the kernel
-
Create a file ending in
.conf
with install filesystem kernel modules
/bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
-
Create a file ending in
.conf
with deny list filesystem kernel modules in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
WARNING
: unloading, disabling or denylisting filesystem modules that are in use on the system
maybe FATAL. It is extremely important to thoroughly review the filesystems returned
by the audit before following the remediation procedure.
Example of unloading the
gfs2
kernel module:
# modprobe -r gfs2 2>/dev/null
# rmmod gfs2 2>/dev/null
Example of fully disabling the
gfs2
kernel module:
# printf '%s\n' "blacklist gfs2" "install gfs2 /bin/false" >> /etc/modprobe.d/gfs2.conf
Note:
- Disabling a kernel module by modifying the command above for each unused filesystem
kernel module
-
The example
gfs2
must be updated with the appropriate module name for the command or example script
bellow to run correctly.
Below is an example Script that can be modified to use on various filesystem kernel
modules manual remediation process:
Example Script
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output2=(); a_output3=(); l_dl="" # Initialize arrays and clear variables
l_mod_name="gfs2" # set module name
l_mod_type="fs" # set module type
l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /usr/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type || readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type)"
f_module_fix()
{
l_dl="y" # Set to ignore duplicate checks
a_showconfig=() # Create array with modprobe output
while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do
a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")
done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b')
if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_name" &> /dev/null; then # Check if the module is currently
loaded
a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
modprobe -r "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\h+(\/usr)?\/bin\/(true|false)\b'
<<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then
a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"$(readlink -f /bin/false)\"")
printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_name $(readlink -f /bin/false)" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}";
then
a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
}
for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system
if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}")"
]; then
a_output3+=(" - \"$l_mod_base_directory\"")
[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix
else
echo -e " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""
fi
done
[ "${#a_output3[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " -- INFO --" " - module: \"$l_mod_name\"
exists in:" "${a_output3[@]}"
[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}" || printf '%s\n'
"" " - No changes needed"
printf '%s\n' "" " - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete" ""
}
Impact:
This list may be quite extensive and covering all edges cases is difficult. Therefore,
it's crucial to carefully consider the implications and dependencies before making
any changes to the filesystem kernel module configurations.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.1.10_Ensure_unused_filesystems_kernel_modules_are_not_available"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.537+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=filesystem</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvekey.cgi?keyword=filesystem
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.1.2 Configure Filesystem Partitions
Directories that are used for system-wide functions can be further protected by placing
them on separate partitions. This provides protection for resource exhaustion and
enables the use of mounting options that are applicable to the directory's intended
use. Users' data can be stored on separate partitions and have stricter mount options.
A user partition is a filesystem that has been established for use by the users and
does not contain software for system operations.
The recommendations in this section are easier to perform during initial system installation.
If the system is already installed, it is recommended that a full backup be performed
before repartitioning the system.
Note:
-IF-
you are repartitioning a system that has already been installed (This may require
the system to be in single-user mode):
-
Mount the new partition to a temporary mountpoint e.g.
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
-
Copy data from the original partition to the new partition. e.g.
cp -a /var/tmp/* /mnt
-
Verify that all data is present on the new partition. e.g.
ls -la /mnt
-
Unmount the new partition. e.g.
umount /mnt
-
Remove the data from the original directory that was in the old partition. e.g.
rm -Rf /var/tmp/*
Otherwise it will still consume space in the old partition that will be masked when
the new filesystem is mounted.
-
Mount the new partition to the desired mountpoint. e.g.
mount /dev/sda2 /var/tmp
-
Update
/etc/fstab
with the new mountpoint. e.g.
/dev/sda2 /var/tmp xfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
1.1.2.1 Configure /tmp
The
/tmp
directory is a world-writable directory used to store data used by the system and
user applications for a short period of time. This data should have no expectation
of surviving a reboot, as this directory is intended to be emptied after each reboot.
Fail1.1.2.1.1 Ensure /tmp is a separate partition
Description:
The
/tmp
directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and
some applications.
Note:
If an entry for
/tmp
exists in
/etc/fstab
it will take precedence over entries in a systemd unit file. There is an exception
to this when a system is diskless and connected to iSCSI, entries in
/etc/fstab
may not take precedence over a systemd unit file.
Making
/tmp
its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as
the
noexec
option on the mount, making
/tmp
useless for an attacker to install executable code. It would also prevent an attacker
from establishing a hard link to a system
setuid
program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated, the hard link
would be broken, and the attacker would have his own copy of the program. If the program
happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit
the known flaw.
This can be accomplished by either mounting
tmpfs
to
/tmp
, or creating a separate partition for
/tmp
.
First ensure that systemd is correctly configured to ensure that
/tmp
will be mounted at boot time.
# systemctl unmask tmp.mount
For specific configuration requirements of the
/tmp
mount for your environment, modify
/etc/fstab
.
Example of using
tmpfs
with specific mount options:
tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0 0
Note:
the
size=2G
is an example of setting a specific size for
tmpfs
.
Example of using a volume or disk with specific mount options. The source location
of the volume or disk will vary depending on your environment:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0
Impact:
By design files saved to
/tmp
should have no expectation of surviving a reboot of the system.
tmpfs
is ram based and all files stored to
tmpfs
will be lost when the system is rebooted.
If files need to be persistent through a reboot, they should be saved to
/var/tmp
not
/tmp
.
Since the
/tmp
directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion
if it is not bound to
tmpfs
or a separate partition.
Running out of
/tmp
space is a problem regardless of what kind of filesystem lies under it, but in a configuration
where
/tmp
is not a separate file system it will essentially have the whole disk available, as
the default installation only creates a single
/
partition. On the other hand, a RAM-based
/tmp
(as with
tmpfs
) will almost certainly be much smaller, which can lead to applications filling up
the filesystem much more easily. Another alternative is to create a dedicated partition
for
/tmp
from a separate volume or disk. One of the downsides of a disk-based dedicated partition
is that it will be slower than
tmpfs
which is RAM-based.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Mount point: "/tmp" does not exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.1_Ensure_tmp_is_a_separate_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.537+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230295</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 Rule ID: SV-30295r627750</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893544_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Mount point: "/tmp" does not exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Mount point: "/tmp" does not exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
- URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
- URL: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230295
- URL: RHEL 8 Rule ID: SV-30295r627750
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.1.2 Ensure nodev option set on /tmp partition
Description:
The
nodev
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Since the
/tmp
filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users
cannot create a block or character special devices in
/tmp
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/tmp
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nodev
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/tmp
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /tmp
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.537+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230511</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230511r854052</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893551_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230511
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230511r854052
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.1.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /tmp partition
Description:
The
nosuid
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain
setuid
files.
Since the
/tmp
filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create
setuid
files in
/tmp
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/tmp
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nosuid
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/tmp
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /tmp
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.537+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230512</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230512r854053</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893560_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230512
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230512r854053
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.1.4 Ensure noexec option set on /tmp partition
Description:
The
noexec
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.
Since the
/tmp
filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure
that users cannot run executable binaries from
/tmp
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/tmp
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
noexec
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/tmp
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /tmp
Impact:
Setting the
noexec
option on
/tmp
may prevent installation and/or updating of some 3rd party software.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.1.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_tmp_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.537+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230513</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230513r854054</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893566_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/tmp" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230513
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230513r854054
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.1.2.2 Configure /dev/shm
The
/dev/shm
directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory that facilitates
inter process communication (IPC)
Pass1.1.2.2.1 Ensure /dev/shm is a separate partition
Description:
The
/dev/shm
directory is a world-writable directory that can function as shared memory that facilitates
inter process communication (IPC).
Making
/dev/shm
its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such as
the
noexec
option on the mount, making
/dev/shm
useless for an attacker to install executable code. It would also prevent an attacker
from establishing a hard link to a system
setuid
program and wait for it to be updated. Once the program was updated, the hard link
would be broken and the attacker would have his own copy of the program. If the program
happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit
the known flaw.
This can be accomplished by mounting
tmpfs
to
/dev/shm
.
For specific configuration requirements of the
/dev/shm
mount for your environment, modify
/etc/fstab
.
Example:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=2G 0 0
Impact:
Since the
/dev/shm
directory is intended to be world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion
if it is not bound to a separate partition.
/dev/shm
utilizing
tmpfs
can be resized using the
size={size}
parameter in the relevant entry in
/etc/fstab
.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Mount point: "/dev/shm" exists
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.1_Ensure_devshm_is_a_separate_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.537+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893577_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Mount point: "/dev/shm" exists</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Mount point: "/dev/shm" exists</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems/
- URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd-fstab-generator.html
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.2.2 Ensure nodev option set on /dev/shm partition
Description:
The
nodev
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Since the
/dev/shm
filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users
cannot attempt to create special devices in
/dev/shm
partitions.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/dev/shm
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nodev
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/dev/shm
partition. See the
fstab(5)
manual page for more information.
Example:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/dev/shm
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /dev/shm
Note:
It is recommended to use
tmpfs
as the device/filesystem type as
/dev/shm
is used as shared memory space by applications.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/dev/shm"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.537+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230508</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230508r854049</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893585_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/dev/shm"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Mount point option: "nodev" exists on: "/dev/shm"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230508
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230508r854049
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.2.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /dev/shm partition
Description:
The
nosuid
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain
setuid
files.
Setting this option on a file system prevents users from introducing privileged programs
onto the system and allowing non-root users to execute them.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/dev/shm
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nosuid
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/dev/shm
partition. See the
fstab(5)
manual page for more information.
Example:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/dev/shm
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /dev/shm
Note:
It is recommended to use
tmpfs
as the device/filesystem type as
/dev/shm
is used as shared memory space by applications.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/dev/shm"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230509</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230509r854050</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893593_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/dev/shm"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Mount point option: "nosuid" exists on: "/dev/shm"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230509
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230509r854050
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.1.2.2.4 Ensure noexec option set on /dev/shm partition
Description:
The
noexec
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.
Setting this option on a file system prevents users from executing programs from shared
memory. This deters users from introducing potentially malicious software on the system.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/dev/shm
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
noexec
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/dev/shm
partition.
Example:
tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/dev/shm
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /dev/shm
Note:
It is recommended to use
tmpfs
as the device/filesystem type as
/dev/shm
is used as shared memory space by applications.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Mount point option: "noexec" does not exist on: "/dev/shm"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.2.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_devshm_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230510</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230510r854051</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893601_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Mount point option: "noexec" does not exist on: "/dev/shm"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Mount point option: "noexec" does not exist on: "/dev/shm"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230510
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230510r854051
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.1.2.3 Configure /home
Please note that home directories can be mounted anywhere and are not necessarily
restricted to
/home
, nor restricted to a single location, nor is the name restricted in any way.
Finding user home directories can be done by looking in
/etc/passwd
, looking over the mounted file systems with
mount
or querying the relevant database with
getent
.
The following script can be ran to find user's home directories:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_valid_shells="^($(awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}'
| paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '($1!~/^(root|halt|sync|shutdown|nfsnobody)$/ &&
($3>='"$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' || $3 != 65534) && $(NF)
~ pat) {print $1 " - " $6}' /etc/passwd
}
Fail1.1.2.3.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /home
Description:
The
/home
directory is used to support disk storage needs of local users.
The default installation only creates a single
/
partition. Since the
/home
directory contains user generated data, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It
will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as
a whole. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated
to
/home
and impact all local users.
Configuring
/home
as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such
as
noexec/nosuid/nodev
. These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. In the
case of
/home
options such as
usrquota/grpquota
may be considered to limit the impact that users can have on each other with regards
to disk resource exhaustion. Other options allow for specific behavior. See
man mount
for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
As
/home
contains user data, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of the
data and mount point.
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify
a separate partition for
/home
.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab
as appropriate.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools
may introduce their own security considerations.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Mount point: "/home" does not exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_home"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893611_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Mount point: "/home" does not exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Mount point: "/home" does not exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.3.2 Ensure nodev option set on /home partition
Description:
The
nodev
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Since the
/home
filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users
cannot create a block or character special devices in
/home
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/home
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nodev
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/home
partition.
Example:
<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/home
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /home
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/home" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_home_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893619_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/home" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/home" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.3.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /home partition
Description:
The
nosuid
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain
setuid
files.
Since the
/home
filesystem is only intended for user file storage, set this option to ensure that
users cannot create
setuid
files in
/home
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/home
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nosuid
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/home
partition.
Example:
<device> /home <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/home
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /home
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/home" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.3.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_home_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893628_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/home" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/home" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.1.2.4 Configure /var
The
/var
directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store dynamic
data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.
Fail1.1.2.4.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var
Description:
The
/var
directory is used by daemons and other system services to temporarily store dynamic
data. Some directories created by these processes may be world-writable.
The reasoning for mounting
/var
on a separate partition is as follows.
The default installation only creates a single
/
partition. Since the
/var
directory may contain world writable files and directories, there is a risk of resource
exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact
the system. In addition, other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated
to
/var
and cause unintended behavior across the system as the disk is full. See
man auditd.conf
for details.
Configuring
/var
as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such
as
noexec/nosuid/nodev
. These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. Other
options allow for specific behavior. See
man mount
for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
An example of exploiting
/var
may be an attacker establishing a hard-link to a system
setuid
program and waiting for it to be updated. Once the program is updated, the hard-link
can be broken and the attacker would have their own copy of the program. If the program
happened to have a security vulnerability, the attacker could continue to exploit
the known flaw.
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify
a separate partition for
/var
.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab
as appropriate.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools
may introduce their own security considerations.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Mount point: "/var" does not exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_var"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-244529</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-244529r902737</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893637_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Mount point: "/var" does not exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Mount point: "/var" does not exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-244529
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-244529r902737
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.4.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var partition
Description:
The
nodev
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Since the
/var
filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users
cannot create a block or character special devices in
/var
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nodev
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var
partition.
Example:
<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_var_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893645_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.4.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var partition
Description:
The
nosuid
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain
setuid
files.
Since the
/var
filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create
setuid
files in
/var
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nosuid
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var
partition.
Example:
<device> /var <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.4.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_var_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.538+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893653_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.1.2.5 Configure /var/tmp
The
/var/tmp
directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and
some applications. Temporary files residing in
/var/tmp
are to be preserved between reboots.
Fail1.1.2.5.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/tmp
Description:
The
/var/tmp
directory is a world-writable directory used for temporary storage by all users and
some applications. Temporary files residing in
/var/tmp
are to be preserved between reboots.
The default installation only creates a single
/
partition. Since the
/var/tmp
directory is world-writable, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. In addition,
other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to
/var/tmp
and cause potential disruption to daemons as the disk is full.
Configuring
/var/tmp
as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such
as
noexec/nosuid/nodev
. These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system.
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify
a separate partition for
/var/tmp
.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab
as appropriate.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools
may introduce their own security considerations.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Mount point: "/var/tmp" does not exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_vartmp"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-244529</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-244529r902737</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893661_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Mount point: "/var/tmp" does not exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Mount point: "/var/tmp" does not exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-244529
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-244529r902737
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.5.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/tmp partition
Description:
The
nodev
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Since the
/var/tmp
filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users
cannot create a block or character special devices in
/var/tmp
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/tmp
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nodev
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/tmp
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/tmp
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230520</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230520r854061</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893667_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230520
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230520r854061
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.5.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/tmp partition
Description:
The
nosuid
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain
setuid
files.
Since the
/var/tmp
filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create
setuid
files in
/var/tmp
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/tmp
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nosuid
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/tmp
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/tmp
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230521</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG STIG ID: RHEL-08-040133</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893675_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230521
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG STIG ID: RHEL-08-040133
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.5.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/tmp partition
Description:
The
noexec
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.
Since the
/var/tmp
filesystem is only intended for temporary file storage, set this option to ensure
that users cannot run executable binaries from
/var/tmp
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/tmp
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
noexec
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/tmp
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/tmp <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/tmp
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/tmp
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.5.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_vartmp_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230522</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230522r854063</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893684_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/tmp" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230522
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230522r854063
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.1.2.6 Configure /var/log
The
/var/log
directory is used by system services to store log data.
Fail1.1.2.6.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log
Description:
The
/var/log
directory is used by system services to store log data.
The default installation only creates a single
/
partition. Since the
/var/log
directory contains log files which can grow quite large, there is a risk of resource
exhaustion. It will essentially have the whole disk available to fill up and impact
the system as a whole.
Configuring
/var/log
as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such
as
noexec/nosuid/nodev
. These options limit an attackers ability to create exploits on the system. Other
options allow for specific behavior. See
man mount
for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
As
/var/log
contains log files, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of the
data and mount point.
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify
a separate partition for
/var/log
.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab
as appropriate.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing, or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools
may introduce their own security considerations.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Mount point: "/var/log" does not exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlog"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:: CM-6 b CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230293</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230293r902720</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893693_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Mount point: "/var/log" does not exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Mount point: "/var/log" does not exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:: CM-6 b CM-7
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230293
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230293r902720
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.4 |
| Label: |
Ensure adequate storage for logs |
| Description: |
Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.6.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log partition
Description:
The
nodev
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Since the
/var/log
filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users
cannot create a block or character special devices in
/var/log
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/log
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nodev
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/log
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230514</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230514r854055</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893702_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230514
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230514r854055
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.6.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log partition
Description:
The
nosuid
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain
setuid
files.
Since the
/var/log
filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that users cannot
create
setuid
files in
/var/log
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/log
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nosuid
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/log
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230515</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230515r854056</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893709_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230515
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230515r854056
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.6.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log partition
Description:
The
noexec
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.
Since the
/var/log
filesystem is only intended for log files, set this option to ensure that users cannot
run executable binaries from
/var/log
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/log
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
noexec
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime 0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/log
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.6.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlog_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230516</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230516r854057</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893715_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230516
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230516r854057
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.1.2.7 Configure /var/log/audit
The auditing daemon,
auditd
, stores log data in the
/var/log/audit
directory.
Fail1.1.2.7.1 Ensure separate partition exists for /var/log/audit
Description:
The auditing daemon,
auditd
, stores log data in the
/var/log/audit
directory.
The default installation only creates a single
/
partition. Since the
/var/log/audit
directory contains the
audit.log
file which can grow quite large, there is a risk of resource exhaustion. It will essentially
have the whole disk available to fill up and impact the system as a whole. In addition,
other operations on the system could fill up the disk unrelated to
/var/log/audit
and cause
auditd
to trigger its
space_left_action
as the disk is full. See
man auditd.conf
for details.
Configuring
/var/log/audit
as its own file system allows an administrator to set additional mount options such
as
noexec/nosuid/nodev
. These options limit an attacker's ability to create exploits on the system. Other
options allow for specific behavior. See
man mount
for exact details regarding filesystem-independent and filesystem-specific options.
As
/var/log/audit
contains audit logs, care should be taken to ensure the security and integrity of
the data and mount point.
For new installations, during installation create a custom partition setup and specify
a separate partition for
/var/log/audit
.
For systems that were previously installed, create a new partition and configure
/etc/fstab
as appropriate.
Impact:
Resizing filesystems is a common activity in cloud-hosted servers. Separate filesystem
partitions may prevent successful resizing or may require the installation of additional
tools solely for the purpose of resizing operations. The use of these additional tools
may introduce their own security considerations.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Mount point: "/var/log/audit" does not exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.1_Ensure_separate_partition_exists_for_varlogaudit"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7 CM-6 b</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230294</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230294r627750</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893722_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Mount point: "/var/log/audit" does not exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_exists_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Mount point: "/var/log/audit" does not exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: AJ Lewis, "LVM HOWTO", http://tldp.org/HOWTO/LVM-HOWTO/
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7 CM-6 b
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230294
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230294r627750
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.4 |
| Label: |
Ensure adequate storage for logs |
| Description: |
Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.7.2 Ensure nodev option set on /var/log/audit partition
Description:
The
nodev
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain special devices.
Since the
/var/log/audit
filesystem is not intended to support devices, set this option to ensure that users
cannot create a block or character special devices in
/var/log/audit
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/log/audit
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nodev
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log/audit
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log/audit <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime
0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/log/audit
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log/audit
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.2_Ensure_nodev_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-08-040129 | RULE ID: SV-230517r958804 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-09-231175 | RULE ID: SV-257876r958804 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: ALMA-09-027190 | RULE ID: SV-269320r1050202 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893732_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-08-040129 | RULE ID: SV-230517r958804 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-09-231175 | RULE ID: SV-257876r958804 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: ALMA-09-027190 | RULE ID: SV-269320r1050202 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.7.3 Ensure nosuid option set on /var/log/audit partition
Description:
The
nosuid
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain
setuid
files.
Since the
/var/log/audit
filesystem is only intended for variable files such as logs, set this option to ensure
that users cannot create
setuid
files in
/var/log/audit
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/log/audit
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
nosuid
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log/audit
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log/audit <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime
0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/log/audit
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log/audit
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.3_Ensure_nosuid_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-08-040130 | RULE ID: SV-230518r958804 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-09-231170 | RULE ID: SV-257875r958804 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893741_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-08-040130 | RULE ID: SV-230518r958804 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-09-231170 | RULE ID: SV-257875r958804 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.1.2.7.4 Ensure noexec option set on /var/log/audit partition
Description:
The
noexec
mount option specifies that the filesystem cannot contain executable binaries.
Since the
/var/log/audit
filesystem is only intended for audit logs, set this option to ensure that users cannot
run executable binaries from
/var/log/audit
.
- IF -
a separate partition exists for
/var/log/audit
.
Edit the
/etc/fstab
file and add
noexec
to the fourth field (mounting options) for the
/var/log/audit
partition.
Example:
<device> /var/log/audit <fstype> defaults,rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime
0 0
Run the following command to remount
/var/log/audit
with the configured options:
# mount -o remount /var/log/audit
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly set * :
- - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.1.2.7.4_Ensure_noexec_option_set_on_varlogaudit_partition"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-08-040131 | RULE ID: SV-230519r958804 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-09-231165 | RULE ID: SV-257874r958804 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893748_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly set * :</l>
<l> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mount_point_option_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly set * :</li>
<li> - Not applicable. Mount point "/var/log/audit" does not exist on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the fstab(5) manual page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-7 (2)
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-08-040131 | RULE ID: SV-230519r958804 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-09-231165 | RULE ID: SV-257874r958804 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.2 Package Management
Patch management procedures may vary widely between enterprises. Large enterprises
may choose to install a local updates server that can be used in place of their distributions
servers, whereas a single deployment of a system may prefer to get updates directly.
Updates can be performed automatically or manually, depending on the site's policy
for patch management. Organizations may prefer to test patches against their environment
on a non-production system before rolling out to production.
Outdated software is vulnerable to cyber criminals and hackers. Software updates help
reduce the risk to your organization. The release of software update notes often reveals
the patched exploitable entry points to the public. Public knowledge of these exploits
can make your organization more vulnerable to malicious actors attempting to gain
entry to your system's data.
Software updates often offer new and improved features and speed enhancements.
For the purpose of this benchmark, the requirement is to ensure that a patch management
process is defined and maintained, the specifics of which are left to the organization.
1.2.1 Configure Package Repositories
Patch management procedures may vary widely between enterprises. Large enterprises
may choose to install a local updates server that can be used in place of their distributions
servers, whereas a single deployment of a system may prefer to get updates directly.
Updates can be performed automatically or manually, depending on the site's policy
for patch management. Organizations may prefer to test patches against their environment
on a non-production system before rolling out to production.
Outdated software is vulnerable to cyber criminals and hackers. Software updates help
reduce the risk to your organization. The release of software update notes often reveals
the patched exploitable entry points to the public. Public knowledge of these exploits
can leave your organization more vulnerable to malicious actors attempting to gain
access to your system's data.
Note:
Creation of an appropriate patch management policy is left to the organization.
Manual1.2.1.1 Ensure GPG keys are configured
Description:
Most package managers implement GPG key signing to verify package integrity during
installation.
It is important to ensure that updates are obtained from a valid source to protect
against spoofing that could lead to the inadvertent installation of malware on the
system.
Update your package manager GPG keys in accordance with site policy.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.1_Ensure_GPG_keys_are_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://manpages.debian.org/stretch/apt/sources.list.5.en.html</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2
- URL: https://manpages.debian.org/stretch/apt/sources.list.5.en.html
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify
vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
3.4 |
| Label: |
Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools |
| Description: |
Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems
are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor. |
- Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify
vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
3.5 |
| Label: |
Deploy Automated Software Patch Management Tools |
| Description: |
Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party software
on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise
assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize,
the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources
for new threat and vulnerability information. |
| Safeguard: |
7.3 |
| Label: |
Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management |
| Description: |
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management
on a monthly, or more frequent, basis. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise
assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize,
the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources
for new threat and vulnerability information. |
| Safeguard: |
7.4 |
| Label: |
Perform Automated Application Patch Management |
| Description: |
Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management
on a monthly, or more frequent, basis. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual1.2.1.2 Ensure package manager repositories are configured
Description:
Systems need to have package manager repositories configured to ensure they receive
the latest patches and updates.
If a system's package repositories are misconfigured important patches may not be
identified or a rogue repository could introduce compromised software.
Configure your package manager repositories according to site policy.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.1.2_Ensure_package_manager_repositories_are_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify
vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
3.4 |
| Label: |
Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools |
| Description: |
Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems
are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor. |
- Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify
vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
3.5 |
| Label: |
Deploy Automated Software Patch Management Tools |
| Description: |
Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party software
on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise
assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize,
the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources
for new threat and vulnerability information. |
| Safeguard: |
7.3 |
| Label: |
Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management |
| Description: |
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management
on a monthly, or more frequent, basis. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise
assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize,
the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources
for new threat and vulnerability information. |
| Safeguard: |
7.4 |
| Label: |
Perform Automated Application Patch Management |
| Description: |
Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management
on a monthly, or more frequent, basis. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.2.2 Configure Package Updates
Manual1.2.2.1 Ensure updates, patches, and additional security software are installed
Description:
Periodically patches are released for included software either due to security flaws
or to include additional functionality.
Newer patches may contain security enhancements that would not be available through
the latest full update. As a result, it is recommended that the latest software patches
be used to take advantage of the latest functionality. As with any software installation,
organizations need to determine if a given update meets their requirements and verify
the compatibility and supportability of any additional software against the update
revision that is selected.
Run the following commands to update all packages following local site policy guidance
on applying updates and patches:
Run the following command to update the system with the available patches and updates:
# apt update
Run one of the following commands to apply the updates and patches:
# apt upgrade
- OR -
# apt dist-upgrade
Note:
When running the command
apt dist-upgrade
that apt has a "smart" conflict resolution system, and it will attempt to upgrade
the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if necessary. So,
dist-upgrade
command may remove some packages.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.2.2.1_Ensure_updates_patches_and_additional_security_software_are_installed"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.539+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/3/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/7/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify
vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
3.4 |
| Label: |
Deploy Automated Operating System Patch Management Tools |
| Description: |
Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that the operating systems
are running the most recent security updates provided by the software vendor. |
- Control 3: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Continuously acquire, assess, and take action on new information in order to identify
vulnerabilities, remediate, and minimize the window of opportunity for attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
3.5 |
| Label: |
Deploy Automated Software Patch Management Tools |
| Description: |
Deploy automated software update tools in order to ensure that third-party software
on all systems is running the most recent security updates provided by the software
vendor. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise
assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize,
the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources
for new threat and vulnerability information. |
| Safeguard: |
7.3 |
| Label: |
Perform Automated Operating System Patch Management |
| Description: |
Perform operating system updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management
on a monthly, or more frequent, basis. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 7: Continuous Vulnerability Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop a plan to continuously assess and track vulnerabilities on all enterprise
assets within the enterprise's infrastructure, in order to remediate, and minimize,
the window of opportunity for attackers. Monitor public and private industry sources
for new threat and vulnerability information. |
| Safeguard: |
7.4 |
| Label: |
Perform Automated Application Patch Management |
| Description: |
Perform application updates on enterprise assets through automated patch management
on a monthly, or more frequent, basis. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.3 Mandatory Access Control
Mandatory Access Control (MAC) provides an additional layer of access restrictions
to processes on top of the base Discretionary Access Controls. By restricting how
processes can access files and resources on a system the potential impact from vulnerabilities
in the processes can be reduced.
Impact:
Mandatory Access Control limits the capabilities of applications and daemons on a
system, while this can prevent unauthorized access the configuration of MAC can be
complex and difficult to implement correctly preventing legitimate access from occurring.
1.3.1 Configure AppArmor
AppArmor provides a Mandatory Access Control (MAC) system that greatly augments the
default Discretionary Access Control (DAC) model. Under AppArmor MAC rules are applied
by file paths instead of by security contexts as in other MAC systems. As such it
does not require support in the filesystem and can be applied to network mounted filesystems
for example. AppArmor security policies define what system resources applications
can access and what privileges they can do so with. This automatically limits the
damage that the software can do to files accessible by the calling user. The user
does not need to take any action to gain this benefit. For an action to occur, both
the traditional DAC permissions must be satisfied as well as the AppArmor MAC rules.
The action will not be allowed if either one of these models does not permit the action.
In this way, AppArmor rules can only make a system's permissions more restrictive
and secure.
References:
-
AppArmor Documentation:
http://wiki.apparmor.net/index.php/Documentation
-
Ubuntu AppArmor Documentation:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/AppArmor
Fail1.3.1.1 Ensure latest versions of the apparmor packages are installed
Description:
AppArmor provides Mandatory Access Controls.
Without a Mandatory Access Control system installed only the default Discretionary
Access Control system will be available.
Run the following command to install the latest versions of
apparmor
and
apparmor-utils
:
# apt install apparmor apparmor-utils
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'apparmor' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
apparmor |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
7ubuntu5.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
2.13.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:2.13.3-7ubuntu5.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'apparmor-utils' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Package "apparmor" is installed and the latest version
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Package: "apparmor-utils" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.1_Ensure_latest_versions_of_the_apparmor_packages_are_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.541+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893770"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893770">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893770"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'apparmor' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>apparmor</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>7ubuntu5.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>2.13.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:2.13.3-7ubuntu5.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893776"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893776">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893776"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'apparmor-utils' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893782_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Package "apparmor" is installed and the latest version</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Package "apparmor" is installed and the latest version</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893785_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Package: "apparmor-utils" does not exist on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Package: "apparmor-utils" does not exist on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.3.1.2 Ensure AppArmor is enabled in the bootloader configuration
Description:
Configure AppArmor to be enabled at boot time and verify that it has not been overwritten
by the bootloader boot parameters.
Note:
This recommendation is designed around the grub bootloader, if LILO or another bootloader
is in use in your environment enact equivalent settings.
AppArmor must be enabled at boot time in your bootloader configuration to ensure that
the controls it provides are not overridden.
Edit
/etc/default/grub
and add the
apparmor=1
and
security=apparmor
parameters to the
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=
line
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="apparmor=1 security=apparmor"
Run the following command to update the
grub2
configuration:
# update-grub
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure /boot/grub/grub.cfg contents Pattern Match apparmor=1 (string) |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/boot/grub/grub.cfg |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/boot/grub |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
grub.cfg |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^[^#]\s*linux.*$ |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d
ro quiet splash $vt_handoff |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d
ro quiet splash $vt_handoff |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure /boot/grub/grub.cfg contents Pattern Match security=apparmor (string) |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/boot/grub/grub.cfg |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/boot/grub |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
grub.cfg |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^[^#]\s*linux.*$ |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d
ro quiet splash $vt_handoff |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d
ro quiet splash $vt_handoff |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.2_Ensure_AppArmor_is_enabled_in_the_bootloader_configuration"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.541+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893793"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_68937931_var"/>
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:68937932"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_68937932_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893793"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893793">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893793"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure /boot/grub/grub.cfg contents Pattern Match apparmor=1 (string)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/boot/grub</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>grub.cfg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^[^#]\s*linux.*$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td> linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d ro quiet splash $vt_handoff</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td> linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d ro quiet splash $vt_handoff</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893798"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_68937981_var"/>
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:68937982"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_68937982_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893798"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893798">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893798"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure /boot/grub/grub.cfg contents Pattern Match security=apparmor (string)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/boot/grub</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>grub.cfg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^[^#]\s*linux.*$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td> linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d ro quiet splash $vt_handoff</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td> linux /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-139-generic root=UUID=90bfea94-5139-4f78-8deb-301f7204669d ro quiet splash $vt_handoff</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.3.1.3 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are not disabled
Description:
AppArmor profiles define what resources applications are able to access.
Security configuration requirements vary from site to site. Some sites may mandate
a policy that is stricter than the default policy, which is perfectly acceptable.
This item is intended to ensure that any policies that exist on the system are activated.
Run the following command to set all profiles to enforce mode:
# aa-enforce /etc/apparmor.d/*
- OR -
Run the following command to set all profiles to complain mode:
# aa-complain /etc/apparmor.d/*
Note:
Any unconfined processes may need to have a profile created or activated for them
and then be restarted
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - "0" processes are unconfined but have a profile defined
- - "37" of "37" profiles are in complain or enforcing mode
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.3_Ensure_all_AppArmor_Profiles_are_not_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.541+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893806_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - "0" processes are unconfined but have a profile defined</l>
<l> - "37" of "37" profiles are in complain or enforcing mode</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - "0" processes are unconfined but have a profile defined</li>
<li> - "37" of "37" profiles are in complain or enforcing mode</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.3.1.4 Ensure all AppArmor Profiles are enforcing
Description:
AppArmor profiles define what resources applications are able to access.
Security configuration requirements vary from site to site. Some sites may mandate
a policy that is stricter than the default policy, which is perfectly acceptable.
This item is intended to ensure that any policies that exist on the system are activated.
Run the following command to set all profiles to enforce mode:
# aa-enforce /etc/apparmor.d/*
Note:
Any unconfined processes may need to have a profile created or activated for them
and then be restarted
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - "35" of "37" profiles are in enforcing mode
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - "0" processes are unconfined but have a profile defined
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.3.1.4_Ensure_all_AppArmor_Profiles_are_enforcing"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.541+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893812_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - "35" of "37" profiles are in enforcing mode</l>
<l/>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - "0" processes are unconfined but have a profile defined</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_apparmor_profiles_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - "35" of "37" profiles are in enforcing mode</li>
<li/>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - "0" processes are unconfined but have a profile defined</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.4 Configure Bootloader
The recommendations in this section focus on securing the bootloader and settings
involved in the boot process directly.
Fail1.4.1 Ensure bootloader password is set
Description:
Setting the boot loader password will require that anyone rebooting the system must
enter a password before being able to set command line boot parameters
Requiring a boot password upon execution of the boot loader will prevent an unauthorized
user from entering boot parameters or changing the boot partition. This prevents users
from weakening security (e.g. turning off AppArmor at boot time).
Create an encrypted password with
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
:
# grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 --iteration-count=600000 --salt=64
Enter password: <password>
Reenter password: <password>
PBKDF2 hash of your password is <encrypted-password>
Add the following into a custom
/etc/grub.d
configuration file:
set superusers="<username>"
password_pbkdf2 <username> <encrypted-password>
The superuser/user information and password should not be contained in the
/etc/grub.d/00_header
file as this file could be overwritten in a package update.
If there is a requirement to be able to boot/reboot without entering the password,
edit
/etc/grub.d/10_linux
and add
--unrestricted
to the line
CLASS=
Example:
CLASS="--class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted"
Run the following command to update the
grub2
configuration:
# update-grub
Impact:
If password protection is enabled, only the designated superuser can edit a GRUB 2
menu item by pressing "e" or access the GRUB 2 command line by pressing "c"
If GRUB 2 is set up to boot automatically to a password-protected menu entry the user
has no option to back out of the password prompt to select another menu entry. Holding
the SHIFT key will not display the menu in this case. The user must enter the correct
username and password. If unable to do so, the configuration files will have to be
edited via a LiveCD or other means to fix the problem
You can add
--unrestricted
to the menu entries to allow the system to boot without entering a password. A password
will still be required to edit menu items.
More Information:
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2/Passwords
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /boot/grub/grub.cfg exists and matches pattern ^\h*set\h+superusers\h*=\h*\"?\H+\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /boot/grub/grub.cfg exists and matches pattern ^\h*password_pbkdf2\h+\H+\h+\H+\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'grub-common' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
grub-common |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
1ubuntu26.17 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
2.04 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:2.04-1ubuntu26.17 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.1_Ensure_bootloader_password_is_set"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.541+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: AC-3.1</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893819"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893819">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893819"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /boot/grub/grub.cfg exists and matches pattern ^\h*set\h+superusers\h*=\h*\"?\H+\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893821"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893821">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893821"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /boot/grub/grub.cfg exists and matches pattern ^\h*password_pbkdf2\h+\H+\h+\H+\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893825"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893825">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893825"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'grub-common' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>grub-common</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1ubuntu26.17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>2.04</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:2.04-1ubuntu26.17</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: AC-3.1
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.4.2 Ensure access to bootloader config is configured
Description:
The grub configuration file contains information on boot settings and passwords for
unlocking boot options.
Setting the permissions to read and write for root only prevents non-root users from
seeing the boot parameters or changing them. Non-root users who read the boot parameters
may be able to identify weaknesses in security upon boot and be able to exploit them.
Run the following commands to set permissions on your grub configuration:
# chown root:root /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# chmod u-x,go-rwx /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is mode: "0444" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by:
"root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.4.2_Ensure_access_to_bootloader_config_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.542+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893833_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is mode: "0444" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is mode: "0444" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893837_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893839_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/boot/grub/grub.cfg" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.5 Configure Additional Process Hardening
Fail1.5.1 Ensure address space layout randomization is enabled
Description:
Address space layout randomization (ASLR) is an exploit mitigation technique which
randomly arranges the address space of key data areas of a process.
Randomly placing virtual memory regions will make it difficult to write memory page
exploits as the memory placement will be consistently shifting.
Set the following parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- kernel.randomize_va_space = 2
Example:
# printf "\n%s\n" "kernel.randomize_va_space = 2" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-kernel_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:
# sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=2
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "kernel.randomize_va_space" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "kernel.randomize_va_space" May be set in a file that's ignored by load
procedure ***
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "kernel.randomize_va_space"
- correctly set to "2" in the running configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.1_Ensure_address_space_layout_randomization_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.542+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">CCI-000366: The organization implements the security configuration settings</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53: SI-16</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010448 | Rule ID: SV-238369r958928 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-213020 | Rule ID: SV-260474r958928 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893846_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "kernel.randomize_va_space" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "kernel.randomize_va_space" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "kernel.randomize_va_space"</l>
<l> correctly set to "2" in the running configuration</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "kernel.randomize_va_space" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "kernel.randomize_va_space" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "kernel.randomize_va_space"</li>
<li> correctly set to "2" in the running configuration</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: CCI-000366: The organization implements the security configuration settings
- URL: NIST SP 800-53: CM-6
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53: SI-16
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010448 | Rule ID: SV-238369r958928 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-213020 | Rule ID: SV-260474r958928 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points
in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating
of defense, data gathering, and corrective action. |
| Subcontrol: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Operating System Anti-Exploitation Features/ Deploy Anti-Exploit Technologies |
| Description: |
Enable anti-exploitation features such as Data Execution Prevention (DEP) or Address
Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) that are available in an operating system or deploy
appropriate toolkits that can be configured to apply protection to a broader set of
applications and executables. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications,
code, or scripts on enterprise assets. |
| Safeguard: |
10.5 |
| Label: |
Enable Anti-Exploitation Features |
| Description: |
Enable anti-exploitation features on enterprise assets and software, where possible,
such as Microsoft® Data Execution Prevention (DEP), Windows® Defender Exploit Guard
(WDEG), or Apple® System Integrity Protection (SIP) and Gatekeeper™. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.5.2 Ensure ptrace_scope is restricted
Description:
The ptrace()
system call provides a means by which one process (the "tracer") may observe and control
the execution of another process (the "tracee"), and examine and change the tracee's
memory and registers.
The sysctl settings (writable only with CAP_SYS_PTRACE) are:
- 0
- classic ptrace permissions: a process can PTRACE_ATTACH to any other process running
under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e. did not transition uids, start
privileged, or have called prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...) already). Similarly, PTRACE_TRACEME
is unchanged.
- 1
- restricted ptrace: a process must have a predefined relationship with the inferior
it wants to call PTRACE_ATTACH on. By default, this relationship is that of only its
descendants when the above classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship,
an inferior can call prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...) to declare an allowed debugger
PID to call PTRACE_ATTACH on the inferior. Using PTRACE_TRACEME is unchanged.
- 2
- admin-only attach: only processes with CAP_SYS_PTRACE may use ptrace with PTRACE_ATTACH,
or through children calling PTRACE_TRACEME.
- 3
- no attach: no processes may use ptrace with PTRACE_ATTACH nor via PTRACE_TRACEME.
Once set, this sysctl value cannot be changed.
If one application is compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to attach
to other running processes (e.g. Bash, Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent, etc) to extract
additional credentials and continue to expand the scope of their attack.
Enabling restricted mode will limit the ability of a compromised process to PTRACE_ATTACH
on other processes running under the same user. With restricted mode, ptrace will
continue to work with root user.
Set the
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope
parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
to a value of
1
,
2
, or
3
:
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1
- OR -
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 2
- OR -
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 3
Example:
# printf "\n%s\n" "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-kernel_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:
# sysctl -w kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=1
Note:
-
If a value of
2
or
3
is preferred, or required by local site policy, replace the
1
with the desired value of
2
or
3
in the example above
- If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Parameter: "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope"
- correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
- - Parameter: "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope"
- correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-ptrace.conf"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.2_Ensure_ptrace_scope_is_restricted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.542+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://github.com/raj3shp/termspy</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893852_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Parameter: "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope"</l>
<l> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> - Parameter: "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope"</l>
<l> correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-ptrace.conf"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Parameter: "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope"</li>
<li> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> - Parameter: "kernel.yama.ptrace_scope"</li>
<li> correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-ptrace.conf"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
- URL: https://github.com/raj3shp/termspy
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.5.3 Ensure core dumps are restricted
Description:
A core dump is the memory of an executable program. It is generally used to determine
why a program aborted. It can also be used to glean confidential information from
a core file. The system provides the ability to set a soft limit for core dumps, but
this can be overridden by the user.
Setting a hard limit on core dumps prevents users from overriding the soft variable.
If core dumps are required, consider setting limits for user groups (see
limits.conf(5)
). In addition, setting the
fs.suid_dumpable
variable to 0 will prevent setuid programs from dumping core.
Add the following line to
/etc/security/limits.conf
or a
/etc/security/limits.d/*
file:
* hard core 0
Set the following parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
Example:
# printf "\n%s" "fs.suid_dumpable = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-fs_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameter:
# sysctl -w fs.suid_dumpable=0
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
- IF -systemd-coredump
is installed:
edit
/etc/systemd/coredump.conf
and add/modify the following lines:
Storage=none
ProcessSizeMax=0
Run the command:
systemctl daemon-reload
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "fs.suid_dumpable"
- is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "fs.suid_dumpable" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "fs.suid_dumpable" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure
***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_coredumps_restricted_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- systemd-coredump not installed
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/limits.conf exists and matches pattern
^\h*\*\h+hard\h+core\h+0\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/security/limits.d exists and matches
pattern ^\h*\*\h+hard\h+core\h+0\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.3_Ensure_core_dumps_are_restricted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.542+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_7034045_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "fs.suid_dumpable"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "fs.suid_dumpable" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "fs.suid_dumpable" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "fs.suid_dumpable"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "fs.suid_dumpable" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "fs.suid_dumpable" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_coredumps_restricted_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_coredumps_restricted_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_coredumps_restricted_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l>systemd-coredump not installed</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_coredumps_restricted_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li>systemd-coredump not installed</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034043"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034043">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034043"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/limits.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*\*\h+hard\h+core\h+0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034044"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034044">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034044"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/security/limits.d exists and matches pattern ^\h*\*\h+hard\h+core\h+0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
Pass1.5.4 Ensure prelink is not installed
Description:
prelink
is a program that modifies ELF shared libraries and ELF dynamically linked binaries
in such a way that the time needed for the dynamic linker to perform relocations at
startup significantly decreases.
The prelinking feature can interfere with the operation of AIDE, because it changes
binaries. Prelinking can also increase the vulnerability of the system if a malicious
user is able to compromise a common library such as libc.
Run the following command to restore binaries to normal:
# prelink -ua
Uninstall
prelink
using the appropriate package manager or manual installation:
# apt purge prelink
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'prelink' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.4_Ensure_prelink_is_not_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.542+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/14"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893876"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893876">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893876"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'prelink' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.9 |
| Label: |
Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to Sensitive Data |
| Description: |
Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to sensitive
data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security Information and
Event Monitoring). |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.14 |
| Label: |
Log Sensitive Data Access |
| Description: |
Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-3 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail1.5.5 Ensure Automatic Error Reporting is not enabled
Description:
The Apport Error Reporting Service automatically generates crash reports for debugging
Apport collects potentially sensitive data, such as core dumps, stack traces, and
log files. They can contain passwords, credit card numbers, serial numbers, and other
private material.
Edit
/etc/default/apport
and add or edit the enabled parameter to equal
0
:
enabled=0
Run the following commands to stop and mask the apport service
# systemctl stop apport.service
# systemctl mask apport.service
- OR -
Run the following command to remove the apport package:
# apt purge apport
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/apport exists and matches pattern ^\h*enabled\h*=\h*0\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'apport.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
apport.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'apport' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
apport |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
all |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu27.30 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
2.20.11 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:2.20.11-0ubuntu27.30 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.5.5_Ensure_Automatic_Error_Reporting_is_not_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.542+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893879"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893879">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893879"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/apport exists and matches pattern ^\h*enabled\h*=\h*0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893884"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893884_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893884"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893884">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893884"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'apport.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>apport.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893888"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893888">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893888"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'apport' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>apport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu27.30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>2.20.11</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:2.20.11-0ubuntu27.30</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.6 Configure Command Line Warning Banners
Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist in the prosecution
of trespassers on the computer system. Changing some of these login banners also has
the side effect of hiding OS version information and other detailed system information
from attackers attempting to target specific exploits at a system.
Guidelines published by the US Department of Defense require that warning messages
include at least the name of the organization that owns the system, the fact that
the system is subject to monitoring and that such monitoring is in compliance with
local statutes, and that use of the system implies consent to such monitoring. It
is important that the organization's legal counsel review the content of all messages
before any system modifications are made, as these warning messages are inherently
site-specific. More information (including citations of relevant case law) can be
found at http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/
The /etc/motd
, /etc/issue
, and /etc/issue.net
files govern warning banners for standard command line logins for both local and remote
users.
Note:
The text provided in the remediation actions for these items is intended as an example
only. Please edit to include the specific text for your organization as approved by
your legal department.
Pass1.6.1 Ensure /etc/motd is configured
Description:
The contents of the
/etc/motd
file are displayed to users after login and function as a message of the day for authenticated
users.
Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and patch
level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers
who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If
mingetty(8)
supports the following options, they display operating system information:
\m
- machine architecture
\r
- operating system release
\s
- operating system name
\v
- operating system version
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch
level information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed
system information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system.
Authorized users can easily get this information by running the "
uname -a
" command once they have logged in.
Edit the file found in
/etc/motd.d/*
with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances
of
\m
,
\r
,
\s
,
\v
or references to the
OS platform
- OR -
- IF -
the
motd
is not used, this file can be removed.
Run the following command to remove the
motd
file:
# rm /etc/motd
Run the following script and review and/or update all returned files' contents to:
-
Remove all system information (
\v
,
\r
;
\m
,
\s
)
- Remove any refence to the operating system
- Ensure contents follow local site policy
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_files=()
for l_file in /etc/motd{,.d/*}; do
if grep -Psqi -- "(\\\v|\\\r|\\\m|\\\s|\b$(grep ^ID= /etc/os-release | cut -d= -f2
| sed -e 's/"//g')\b)" "$l_file"; then
echo -e "\n - File: \"$l_file\" includes system information. Edit this file to remove
these entries"
else
a_files+=("$l_file")
fi
done
if [ "${#a_files[@]}" -gt 0 ]; then
echo -e "\n- ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow
local site policy **\n"
printf '%s\n' "${a_files[@]}"
fi
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_motd_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow local site
policy **
- /etc/motd
- /etc/motd.d/*
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No MOTD files include system information
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.1_Ensure_etcmotd_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.542+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_motd_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_motd_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_motd_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow local site policy **</l>
<l/>
<l>/etc/motd</l>
<l>/etc/motd.d/*</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No MOTD files include system information</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_motd_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- ** Please review the following files and verify their contents follow local site policy **</li>
<li/>
<li>/etc/motd</li>
<li>/etc/motd.d/*</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No MOTD files include system information</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Fail1.6.2 Ensure /etc/issue is configured
Description:
The contents of the
/etc/issue
file are displayed to users prior to login for local terminals.
Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and patch
level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers
who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If
mingetty(8)
supports the following options, they display operating system information:
\m
- machine architecture
\r
- operating system release
\s
- operating system name
\v
- operating system version - or the operating system's name
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch
level information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed
system information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system.
Authorized users can easily get this information by running the "
uname -a
" command once they have logged in.
Edit the
/etc/issue
file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances
of
\m
,
\r
,
\s
,
\v
or references to the
OS platform
Example:
# echo "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported." > /etc/issue
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/wbissue.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Warning Banner contains: Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS \n \l
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue exists and matches pattern ^.+$ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/issue |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
issue |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^.+$ |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS \n \l |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS \n \l |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.2_Ensure_etcissue_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.543+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/wbissue.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/wbissue.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/wbissue.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Warning Banner contains: Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS \n \l</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/wbissue.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Warning Banner contains: Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS \n \l</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893904"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893904">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893904"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue exists and matches pattern ^.+$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/issue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>issue</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^.+$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS \n \l</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS \n \l</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Fail1.6.3 Ensure /etc/issue.net is configured
Description:
The contents of the
/etc/issue.net
file are displayed to users prior to login for remote connections from configured
services.
Unix-based systems have typically displayed information about the OS release and patch
level upon logging in to the system. This information can be useful to developers
who are developing software for a particular OS platform. If
mingetty(8)
supports the following options, they display operating system information:
\m
- machine architecture
\r
- operating system release
\s
- operating system name
\v
- operating system version
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place. Displaying OS and patch
level information in login banners also has the side effect of providing detailed
system information to attackers attempting to target specific exploits of a system.
Authorized users can easily get this information by running the "
uname -a
" command once they have logged in.
Edit the
/etc/issue.net
file with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances
of
\m
,
\r
,
\s
,
\v
or references to the
OS platform
Example:
# echo "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported." > /etc/issue.net
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/wbissue.net.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Warning Banner contains: Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue.net exists and matches pattern ^.+$ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/issue.net |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
issue.net |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^.+$ |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.3_Ensure_etcissue.net_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.543+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/wbissue.net.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/wbissue.net.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/wbissue.net.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Warning Banner contains: Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/wbissue.net.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Warning Banner contains: Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893914"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893914">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893914"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/issue.net exists and matches pattern ^.+$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/issue.net</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>issue.net</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^.+$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-1, CM-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass1.6.4 Ensure access to /etc/motd is configured
Description:
The contents of the
/etc/motd
file are displayed to users after login and function as a message of the day for authenticated
users.
- IF -
the /etc/motd
file does not have the correct access configured, it could be modified by unauthorized
users with incorrect or misleading information.
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on
/etc/motd
:
# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/motd)
# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/motd)
- OR -
Run the following command to remove the
/etc/motd
file:
# rm /etc/motd
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/motd" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.4_Ensure_access_to_etcmotd_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.543+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893919_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/motd" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/motd" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893923_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893926_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/motd/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.6.5 Ensure access to /etc/issue is configured
Description:
The contents of the
/etc/issue
file are displayed to users prior to login for local terminals.
- IF -
the /etc/issue
file does not have the correct access configured, it could be modified by unauthorized
users with incorrect or misleading information.
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on
/etc/issue
:
# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/issue)
# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/issue)
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/issue" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.5_Ensure_access_to_etcissue_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.543+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893932_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/issue" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/issue" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893936_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893940_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/issue/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.6.6 Ensure access to /etc/issue.net is configured
Description:
The contents of the
/etc/issue.net
file are displayed to users prior to login for remote connections from configured
services.
- IF -
the /etc/issue.net
file does not have the correct access configured, it could be modified by unauthorized
users with incorrect or misleading information.
Run the following commands to set mode, owner, and group on
/etc/issue.net
:
# chown root:root $(readlink -e /etc/issue.net)
# chmod u-x,go-wx $(readlink -e /etc/issue.net)
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/issue.net" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.6.6_Ensure_access_to_etcissue.net_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.543+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893946_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/issue.net" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/issue.net" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893949_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893953_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/issue.net/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
1.7 Configure GNOME Display Manager
The GNOME Display Manager (GDM) is a program that manages graphical display servers
and handles graphical user logins.
This subsection requires user profiles to already exist on the system. A profile is
a list of configuration databases.
Sample profile:
user-db:user
system-db:local
system-db:site
Configuring a single user and multiple system databases allows for layering of preferences.
Settings from the user database file take precedence over the settings in the local
database file, and the local database file in turn takes precedence over the site
database file.
Note:
- - IF -
GDM is not installed on the system, this section can be skipped
-
The Remediation Procedure commands in this section
MUST
be done from a command window on a graphical desktop or an error will be returned.
Fail1.7.2 Ensure GDM login banner is configured
Description:
GDM is the GNOME Display Manager which handles graphical login for GNOME based systems.
Warning messages inform users who are attempting to login to the system of their legal
status regarding the system and must include the name of the organization that owns
the system and any monitoring policies that are in place.
- IF -
A user profile is already created run the following commands to set and enable the
text banner message on the login screen:
# gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen banner-message-text 'Authorized uses only.
All activity may be monitored and reported'
# gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen banner-message-enable true
Note:
- banner-message-text
may be set in accordance with local site policy
- gsettings
commands in this section MUST be done from a command window on a graphical desktop
or an error will be returned.
-
The system must be restarted after all
gsettings
configurations have been set in order for CIS-CAT Assessor to appropriately assess.
- OR/IF -
A user profile does not exist:
-
Create or edit the gdm profile in the
/etc/dconf/profile/gdm
with the following lines:
user-db:user
system-db:gdm
file-db:/usr/share/gdm/greeter-dconf-defaults
Note:
gdm is the name of a dconf database.
-
Create a gdm keyfile for machine-wide settings in
/etc/dconf/db/gdm.d/01-banner-message
:
[org/gnome/login-screen]
banner-message-enable=true
banner-message-text='Type the banner message here.'
- Update the system databases
# dconf update
Note:
- Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
- There is no character limit for the banner message. gnome-shell autodetects longer
stretches of text and enters two column mode.
- The banner message cannot be read from an external file.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- User profile does not exist.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.2_Ensure_GDM_login_banner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.544+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-banner.html.en</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893975"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893975">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893975"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893979"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893979">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893979"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> User profile does not exist.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_login_banner_configured_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> User profile does not exist.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-banner.html.en
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
Fail1.7.3 Ensure GDM disable-user-list option is enabled
Description:
GDM is the GNOME Display Manager which handles graphical login for GNOME based systems.
The disable-user-list
option controls if a list of users is displayed on the login screen
Displaying the user list eliminates half of the Userid/Password equation that an unauthorized
person would need to log on.
- IF -
A user profile exists run the following command to enable the
disable-user-list
:
# gsettings set org.gnome.login-screen disable-user-list true
Note:
- gsettings
commands in this section MUST be done from a command window on a graphical desktop
or an error will be returned.
-
The system must be restarted after all
gsettings
configurations have been set in order for CIS-CAT Assessor to appropriately assess.
- OR/IF -
A user profile does not exist:
-
Create or edit the gdm profile in
/etc/dconf/profile/gdm
with the following lines:
user-db:user
system-db:gdm
file-db:/usr/share/gdm/greeter-dconf-defaults
Note:
gdm is the name of a dconf database.
-
Create a gdm keyfile for machine-wide settings in
/etc/dconf/db/gdm.d/00-login-screen
:
[org/gnome/login-screen]
# Do not show the user list
disable-user-list=true
- Update the system databases:
# dconf update
Note:
When the user profile is created or changed, the user will need to log out and log
in again before the changes will be applied.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- User profile does not exist.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.3_Ensure_GDM_disable-user-list_option_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.544+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-userlist-disable.html.en</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893988"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893988">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893988"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893991"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893991">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893991"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> User profile does not exist.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_disable_user_list_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> User profile does not exist.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/login-userlist-disable.html.en
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
Fail1.7.4 Ensure GDM screen locks when the user is idle
Description:
GNOME Desktop Manager can make the screen lock automatically whenever the user is
idle for some amount of time.
Setting a lock-out value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access
to another user's session that has been left unattended.
- IF -
A user profile is already created run the following commands to enable screen locks
when the user is idle:
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.screensaver lock-delay 5
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.session idle-delay 900
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.screensaver lock-enabled true
Note:
- gsettings
commands in this section MUST be done from a command window on a graphical desktop
or an error will be returned.
-
The system must be restarted after all
gsettings
configurations have been set in order for CIS-CAT Assessor to appropriately assess.
- OR/IF-
A user profile does not exist:
-
Create or edit the user profile in the
/etc/dconf/profile/
and verify it includes the following:
user-db:user
system-db:{NAME_OF_DCONF_DATABASE}
Note:local
is the name of a dconf database used in the examples.
-
Create the directory
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/
if it doesn't already exist:
-
Create the key file
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/00-screensaver
to provide information for the
local
database:
Example key file:
# Specify the dconf path
[org/gnome/desktop/session]
# Number of seconds of inactivity before the screen goes blank
# Set to 0 seconds if you want to deactivate the screensaver.
idle-delay=uint32 180
# Specify the dconf path
[org/gnome/desktop/screensaver]
# Number of seconds after the screen is blank before locking the screen
lock-delay=uint32 0
# Ensure screen locks after inactivity
lock-enabled=true
Note:
You must include the uint32 along with the integer key values as shown.
- Run the following command to update the system databases:
# dconf update
- Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- User profile does not exist.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.4_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_when_the_user_is_idle"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.544+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034244"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034244">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034244"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034245"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034245">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034245"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> User profile does not exist.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> User profile does not exist.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.11 |
| Label: |
Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity |
| Description: |
Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise Assets |
| Description: |
Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period of
inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed 15 minutes.
For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.7.5 Ensure GDM screen locks cannot be overridden
Description:
GNOME Desktop Manager can lock down specific settings by using the lockdown mode in
dconf to prevent users from changing specific settings.
To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile directory.
The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as
with the keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.
Setting a lock-out value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access
to another user's session that has been left unattended.
Without locking down the system settings, user settings take precedence over the system
settings.
-
To prevent the user from overriding these settings, create the file
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/locks/00-screensaver
with the following content:
# Lock desktop screensaver settings
/org/gnome/desktop/session/idle-delay
/org/gnome/desktop/screensaver/lock-delay
/org/gnome/desktop/screensaver/lock-enabled
- Update the system databases:
# dconf update
Note:
- A user profile must exist in order to apply locks. If a user profile does not exist
review the remediation steps in the previous recommendation.
- Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk_v4.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - "idle-delay" is not locked or not set
- - "lock-delay" is not locked or not set
- - "lock-enabled" is not locked or not set
|
| Errors: |
- grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory
- grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory
- grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.5_Ensure_GDM_screen_locks_cannot_be_overridden"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.544+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-11</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894010"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894010">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894010"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894013"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894013">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894013"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk_v4.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk_v4.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk_v4.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l>- "idle-delay" is not locked or not set</l>
<l>- "lock-delay" is not locked or not set</l>
<l>- "lock-enabled" is not locked or not set</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory</l>
<l>grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory</l>
<l>grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_screen_lock_override_chk_v4.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li>- "idle-delay" is not locked or not set</li>
<li>- "lock-delay" is not locked or not set</li>
<li>- "lock-enabled" is not locked or not set</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory</li>
<li>grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory</li>
<li>grep: /etc/dconf/db/*/locks: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/desktop-lockscreen.html.en
- URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-11
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.11 |
| Label: |
Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity |
| Description: |
Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise Assets |
| Description: |
Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period of
inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed 15 minutes.
For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.7.6 Ensure GDM automatic mounting of removable media is disabled
Description:
By default GNOME automatically mounts removable media when inserted as a convenience
to the user.
With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or
disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to
mount it themselves.
- IF -
A user profile exists run the following commands to ensure automatic mounting is disabled:
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.media-handling automount false
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.media-handling automount-open false
Note:
- gsettings
commands in this section MUST be done from a command window on a graphical desktop
or an error will be returned.
-
The system must be restarted after all
gsettings
configurations have been set in order for CIS-CAT Assessor to appropriately assess.
- OR/IF -
A user profile does not exist:
-
Create a file
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/00-media-automount
with following content:
[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]
automount=false
automount-open=false
- After creating the file, apply the changes using below command :
# dconf update
Note:
Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Impact:
The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users. If your organization
allows the use of portable storage or media on workstations and physical access controls
to workstations is considered adequate there is little value add in turning off automounting.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- User profile does not exist.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.6_Ensure_GDM_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.544+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894021"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894021">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894021"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894024"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894024">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894024"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> User profile does not exist.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_automount_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> User profile does not exist.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points
in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating
of defense, data gathering, and corrective action. |
| Subcontrol: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content |
| Description: |
Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications,
code, or scripts on enterprise assets. |
| Safeguard: |
10.3 |
| Label: |
Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media |
| Description: |
Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.7.7 Ensure GDM disabling automatic mounting of removable media is not overridden
Description:
By default GNOME automatically mounts removable media when inserted as a convenience
to the user.
By using the lockdown mode in dconf, you can prevent users from changing specific
settings. To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the
keyfile directory. The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths
to lock. Just as with the keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.
With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or
disc and have its contents available in system even if they lacked permissions to
mount it themselves.
-
To prevent the user from overriding these settings, create the file
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/locks/00-media-automount
with the following content:
[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]
automount=false
automount-open=false
- Update the systems databases:
# dconf update
Note:
- A user profile must exist in order to apply locks. If a user profile does not exist
review the remediation steps in the previous recommendation.
- Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Impact:
The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_disabling_automatic_mounting_removable_media_notoverride_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - "automount-open" is not locked or not set to false
- - "automount" is not locked or not set to false
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.7_Ensure_GDM_disabling_automatic_mounting_of_removable_media_is_not_overridden"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.544+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/man1/gsettings.1.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894032"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894032">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894032"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894034"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894034">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894034"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_disabling_automatic_mounting_removable_media_notoverride_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_disabling_automatic_mounting_removable_media_notoverride_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_disabling_automatic_mounting_removable_media_notoverride_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l>- "automount-open" is not locked or not set to false</l>
<l>- "automount" is not locked or not set to false</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_disabling_automatic_mounting_removable_media_notoverride_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li>- "automount-open" is not locked or not set to false</li>
<li>- "automount" is not locked or not set to false</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://help.gnome.org/admin/system-admin-guide/stable/dconf-lockdown.html.en
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/trusty/man1/gsettings.1.html
- URL: https://access.redhat.com/solutions/20107
Fail1.7.8 Ensure GDM autorun-never is enabled
Description:
The autorun-never
setting allows the GNOME Desktop Display Manager to disable autorun through GDM.
Malware on removable media may taking advantage of Autorun features when the media
is inserted into a system and execute.
- IF -
A user profile exist run the following command to set
autorun-never
to
true
for GDM users:
# gsettings set org.gnome.desktop.media-handling autorun-never true
Note:
- gsettings
commands in this section MUST be done from a command window on a graphical desktop
or an error will be returned.
-
The system must be restarted after all
gsettings
configurations have been set in order for CIS-CAT Assessor to appropriately assess.
- OR/IF -
A user profile does not exist:
-
create the file
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/locks/00-media-autorun
with the following content:
[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]
autorun-never=true
- Update the systems databases:
# dconf update
Note:
Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- User profile does not exist.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.8_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.544+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894043"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894043">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894043"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894046"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894046">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894046"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> User profile does not exist.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> User profile does not exist.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points
in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating
of defense, data gathering, and corrective action. |
| Subcontrol: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content |
| Description: |
Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications,
code, or scripts on enterprise assets. |
| Safeguard: |
10.3 |
| Label: |
Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media |
| Description: |
Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail1.7.9 Ensure GDM autorun-never is not overridden
Description:
The autorun-never setting allows the GNOME Desktop Display Manager to disable autorun
through GDM.
By using the lockdown mode in dconf, you can prevent users from changing specific
settings.
To lock down a dconf key or subpath, create a locks subdirectory in the keyfile directory.
The files inside this directory contain a list of keys or subpaths to lock. Just as
with the keyfiles, you may add any number of files to this directory.
Malware on removable media may taking advantage of Autorun features when the media
is inserted into a system and execute.
-
To prevent the user from overriding these settings, create the file
/etc/dconf/db/local.d/locks/00-media-autorun
with the following content:
[org/gnome/desktop/media-handling]
autorun-never=true
- Update the systems databases:
# dconf update
Note:
- A user profile must exist in order to apply locks. If a user profile does not exist
review the remediation steps in the previous recommendation.
- Users must log out and back in again before the system-wide settings take effect.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
gdm3 |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.36.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - "autorun-never" is not locked or not set to false
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.9_Ensure_GDM_autorun-never_is_not_overridden"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.545+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894052"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894052">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894052"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm3' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>gdm3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.36.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.36.3-0ubuntu0.20.04.4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894057"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894057">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894057"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'gdm' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l>- Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l>- "autorun-never" is not locked or not set to false</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_gdm_autorun_never_override_chk3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li>- Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li>- "autorun-never" is not locked or not set to false</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points
in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating
of defense, data gathering, and corrective action. |
| Subcontrol: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content |
| Description: |
Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications,
code, or scripts on enterprise assets. |
| Safeguard: |
10.3 |
| Label: |
Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media |
| Description: |
Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass1.7.10 Ensure XDMCP is not enabled
Description:
X Display Manager Control Protocol (XDMCP) is designed to provide authenticated access
to display management services for remote displays
XDMCP is inherently insecure.
- XDMCP is not a ciphered protocol. This may allow an attacker to capture keystrokes
entered by a user
- XDMCP is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. This may allow an attacker to steal
the credentials of legitimate users by impersonating the XDMCP server.
Edit all files returned by the audit and remove or comment out the
Enable=true
line in the
[xdmcp]
block:
Example file:
# GDM configuration storage
#
# See /usr/share/gdm/gdm.schemas for a list of available options.
[daemon]
# Uncomment the line below to force the login screen to use Xorg
#WaylandEnable=false
# Enabling automatic login
# AutomaticLoginEnable = true
# AutomaticLogin = user1
# Enabling timed login
# TimedLoginEnable = true
# TimedLogin = user1
# TimedLoginDelay = 10
[security]
[xdmcp]
# Enable=true <- **This line should be removed or commented out**
[chooser]
[debug]
# Uncomment the line below to turn on debugging
# More verbose logs
# Additionally lets the X server dump core if it crashes
# Enable=true
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_xdcmp_enabled_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - XDCMP is not enabled
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_1.7.10_Ensure_XDMCP_is_not_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.545+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_xdcmp_enabled_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_xdcmp_enabled_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_xdcmp_enabled_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - XDCMP is not enabled</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_xdcmp_enabled_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - XDCMP is not enabled</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
2 Services
While applying system updates and patches helps correct known vulnerabilities, one
of the best ways to protect the system against as yet unreported vulnerabilities is
to disable all services that are not required for normal system operation. This prevents
the exploitation of vulnerabilities discovered at a later date. If a service is not
enabled, it cannot be exploited. The actions in this section of the document provide
guidance on some services which can be safely disabled and under which circumstances,
greatly reducing the number of possible threats to the resulting system. Additionally,
some services which should remain enabled but with secure configuration are covered
as well as insecure service clients.
2.1 Configure Server Services
This section describes services that are installed on systems that specifically need
to run these services. If any of these services are not required, it is recommended
that the package be removed.
- IF -
the package is required for a dependency:
- Ensure the dependent package is approved by local site policy
- Ensure stopping and masking the service and/or socket meets local site policy
- Stop and mask the service and/or socket to reduce the potential attack surface
The following commands can be used to stop and mask the service and socket:
# systemctl stop <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
# systemctl mask <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
Note:
This should not be considered a comprehensive list of services not required for normal
system operation. You may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your
environment
Pass2.1.1 Ensure autofs services are not in use
Description:
autofs
allows automatic mounting of devices, typically including CD/DVDs and USB drives.
With automounting enabled anyone with physical access could attach a USB drive or
disc and have its contents available in the filesystem even if they lacked permissions
to mount it themselves.
Run the following commands to stop
autofs.service
and remove the
autofs
package:
# systemctl stop autofs.service
# apt purge autofs
- OR -
- IF -
the
autofs
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
autofs.service
:
# systemctl stop autofs.service
# systemctl mask autofs.service
Impact:
The use of portable hard drives is very common for workstation users. If your organization
allows the use of portable storage or media on workstations and physical access controls
to workstations is considered adequate there is little value add in turning off automounting.
There may be packages that are dependent on the
autofs
package. If the
autofs
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
autofs
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
autofs.service
leaving the
autofs
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
autofs.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
autofs.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'autofs' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.1_Ensure_autofs_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.545+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/10/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3, MP-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230502</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230502r627750</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893549"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893549_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893549"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893549">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893549"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>autofs.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893561"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893561_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893561"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893561">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893561"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'autofs.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>autofs.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893555"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893555">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893555"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'autofs' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-3, MP-7
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230502
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230502r627750
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 8: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious code at multiple points
in the enterprise, while optimizing the use of automation to enable rapid updating
of defense, data gathering, and corrective action. |
| Subcontrol: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Configure Devices Not To Auto-Run Content |
| Description: |
Configure devices to not auto-run content from removable media. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 10: Malware Defenses: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Prevent or control the installation, spread, and execution of malicious applications,
code, or scripts on enterprise assets. |
| Safeguard: |
10.3 |
| Label: |
Disable Autorun and Autoplay for Removable Media |
| Description: |
Disable autorun and autoplay auto-execute functionality for removable media. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.1.2 Ensure avahi daemon services are not in use
Description:
Avahi is a free zeroconf implementation, including a system for multicast DNS/DNS-SD
service discovery. Avahi allows programs to publish and discover services and hosts
running on a local network with no specific configuration. For example, a user can
plug a computer into a network and Avahi automatically finds printers to print to,
files to look at and people to talk to, as well as network services running on the
machine.
Automatic discovery of network services is not normally required for system functionality.
It is recommended to remove this package to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
avahi-daemon.socket
and
avahi-daemon.service
, and remove the
avahi-daemon
package:
# systemctl stop avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
# apt purge avahi-daemon
- OR -
- IF -
the
avahi-daemon
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
avahi-daemon.socket
and
avahi-daemon.service
:
# systemctl stop avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
# systemctl mask avahi-daemon.socket avahi-daemon.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
avahi
package. If the
avahi
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
avahi
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
avahi-daemon.socket
and
avahi-daemon.service
leaving the
avahi
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
avahi-daemon.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
avahi-daemon.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
avahi-daemon.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
avahi-daemon.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'avahi-daemon' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
avahi-daemon |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
4ubuntu7.3 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
0.7 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:0.7-4ubuntu7.3 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.2_Ensure_avahi_daemon_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.545+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893574"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893574_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893574"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893574">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893574"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>avahi-daemon.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893578"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893578_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893578"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893578">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893578"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>avahi-daemon.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893584"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893584_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893584"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893584">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893584"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>avahi-daemon.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893590"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893590_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893590"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893590">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893590"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'avahi-daemon.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>avahi-daemon.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893570"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893570">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893570"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'avahi-daemon' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>avahi-daemon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>4ubuntu7.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:0.7-4ubuntu7.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.3 Ensure dhcp server services are not in use
Description:
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a service that allows machines to
be dynamically assigned IP addresses. There are two versions of the DHCP protocol
DHCPv4
and DHCPv6
. At startup the server may be started for one or the other via the
-4
or -6
arguments.
Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a DHCP server, it is recommended
that this package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
isc-dhcp-server.service
and
isc-dhcp-server6.service
and remove the
isc-dhcp-server
package:
# systemctl stop isc-dhcp-server.service isc-dhcp-server6.service
# apt purge isc-dhcp-server
- OR -
- IF -
the
isc-dhcp-server
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
isc-dhcp-server.service
and
isc-dhcp-server6.service
:
# systemctl stop isc-dhcp-server.service isc-dhcp-server6.service
# systemctl mask isc-dhcp-server isc-dhcp-server6.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
isc-dhcp-server
package. If the
isc-dhcp-server
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
isc-dhcp-server
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
isc-dhcp-server.service
and
isc-dhcp-server6.service
leaving the
isc-dhcp-server
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
isc-dhcp-server.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
isc-dhcp-server.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server6.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal
'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
isc-dhcp-server6.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server6.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
isc-dhcp-server6.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'isc-dhcp-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.3_Ensure_dhcp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.546+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">More detailed documentation on DHCP is available at http://www.isc.org/software/dhcp.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893603"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893603_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893603"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893603">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893603"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>isc-dhcp-server.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893609"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893609_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893609"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893609">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893609"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>isc-dhcp-server.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893616"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893616_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893616"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893616">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893616"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server6.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>isc-dhcp-server6.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893620"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893620_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893620"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893620">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893620"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'isc-dhcp-server6.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>isc-dhcp-server6.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893597"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893597">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893597"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'isc-dhcp-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: More detailed documentation on DHCP is available at http://www.isc.org/software/dhcp.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.4 Ensure dns server services are not in use
Description:
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system that maps names to IP
addresses for computers, services and other resources connected to a network.
Note:bind9
is the package and
bind.service
is the alias for
named.service
.
Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS server, it is recommended
that the package be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
named.service
and remove the
bind9
package:
# systemctl stop named.service
# apt purge bind9
- OR -
- IF -
the
bind9
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
bind9.service
:
# systemctl stop named.service
# systemctl mask named.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
bind9
package. If the
bind9
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
bind9
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask
named.service
leaving the
bind9
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
named.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
named.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'bind9' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.4_Ensure_dns_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.546+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893635"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893635_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893635"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893635">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893635"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>named.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893639"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893639_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893639"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893639">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893639"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'named.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>named.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893629"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893629">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893629"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'bind9' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.5 Ensure dnsmasq services are not in use
Description:
dnsmasq
is a lightweight tool that provides DNS caching, DNS forwarding and DHCP (Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol) services.
Unless a system is specifically designated to act as a DNS caching, DNS forwarding
and/or DHCP server, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential
attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
dnsmasq.service
and remove
dnsmasq
package:
# systemctl stop dnsmasq.service
# apt purge dnsmasq
- OR -
- IF -
the
dnsmasq
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
dnsmasq.service
:
# systemctl stop dnsmasq.service
# systemctl mask dnsmasq.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
dnsmasq
package. If the
dnsmasq
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
dnsmasq
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
dnsmasq.service
leaving the
dnsmasq
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dnsmasq.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dnsmasq.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'dnsmasq' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.5_Ensure_dnsmasq_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.546+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893654"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893654_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893654"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893654">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893654"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dnsmasq.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893658"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893658_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893658"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893658">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893658"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dnsmasq.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dnsmasq.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893648"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893648">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893648"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'dnsmasq' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.6 Ensure ftp server services are not in use
Description:
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides networked computers with the ability to
transfer files.
FTP does not protect the confidentiality of data or authentication credentials. It
is recommended SFTP be used if file transfer is required. Unless there is a need to
run the system as a FTP server (for example, to allow anonymous downloads), it is
recommended that the package be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note:
Other ftp server packages may exist. They should also be audited, if not required
and authorized by local site policy
Run the following commands to stop
vsftpd.service
and remove the
vsftpd
package:
# systemctl stop vsftpd.service
# apt purge vsftpd
- OR -
- IF -
the
vsftpd
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
vsftpd.service
:
# systemctl stop vsftpd.service
# systemctl mask vsftpd.service
Note:
Other ftp server packages may exist. If not required and authorized by local site
policy, they should also be removed. If the package is required for a dependency,
the service should be stopped and masked.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
vsftpd
package. If the
vsftpd
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
vsftpd
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
vsftpd.service
leaving the
vsftpd
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
vsftpd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
vsftpd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'vsftpd' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.6_Ensure_ftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.546+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893673"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893673_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893673"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893673">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893673"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>vsftpd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893680"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893680_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893680"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893680">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893680"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'vsftpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>vsftpd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893666"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893666">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893666"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'vsftpd' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.7 Ensure ldap server services are not in use
Description:
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for
NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central
database.
If the system will not need to act as an LDAP server, it is recommended that the software
be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
slapd.service
and remove the
slapd
package:
# systemctl stop slapd.service
# apt purge slapd
- OR -
- IF -
the
slapd
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
slapd.service
:
# systemctl stop slapd.service
# systemctl mask slapd.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
slapd
package. If the
slapd
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
slapd
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
slapd.service
leaving the
slapd
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'slapd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
slapd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'slapd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
slapd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'slapd' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.7_Ensure_ldap_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.546+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">For more detailed documentation on OpenLDAP, go to the project homepage at http://www.openldap.org.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893695"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893695_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893695"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893695">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893695"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'slapd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>slapd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893700"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893700_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893700"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893700">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893700"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'slapd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>slapd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893688"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893688">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893688"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'slapd' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: For more detailed documentation on OpenLDAP, go to the project homepage at http://www.openldap.org.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.8 Ensure message access server services are not in use
Description:
dovecot-imapd
and dovecot-pop3d
are an open source IMAP and POP3 server for Linux based systems.
Unless POP3 and/or IMAP servers are to be provided by this system, it is recommended
that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note:
Several IMAP/POP3 servers exist and can use other service names. These should also
be audited and the packages removed if not required.
Run one of the following commands to remove
dovecot-imapd
and
dovecot-pop3d
:
Run the following commands to stop
dovecot.socket
and
dovecot.service
, and remove the
dovecot-imapd
and
dovecot-pop3d
packages:
# systemctl stop dovecot.socket dovecot.service
# apt purge dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d
- OR -
- IF -
a package is installed
and
is required for dependencies:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
dovecot.socket
and
dovecot.service
:
# systemctl stop dovecot.socket dovecot.service
# systemctl mask dovecot.socket dovecot.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on
dovecot-imapd
and/or
dovecot-pop3d
packages. If
dovecot-imapd
and
dovecot-pop3d
packages are removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
dovecot-imapd
and/or
dovecot-pop3d
packages, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask
dovecot.socket
and
dovecot.service
leaving
dovecot-imapd
and/or
dovecot-pop3d
packages installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'dovecot-imapd' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'dovecot-pop3d' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dovecot.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dovecot.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dovecot.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dovecot.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.8_Ensure_message_access_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.547+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893706"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893706">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893706"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'dovecot-imapd' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893714"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893714">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893714"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'dovecot-pop3d' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893720"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893720_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893720"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893720">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893720"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dovecot.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893723"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893723_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893723"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893723">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893723"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dovecot.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893728"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893728_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893728"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893728">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893728"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dovecot.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893736"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893736_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893736"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893736">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893736"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dovecot.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dovecot.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.9 Ensure network file system services are not in use
Description:
The Network File System (NFS) is one of the first and most widely distributed file
systems in the UNIX environment. It provides the ability for systems to mount file
systems of other servers through the network.
If the system does not export NFS shares, it is recommended that the
nfs-kernel-server
package be removed to reduce the remote attack surface.
Run the following command to stop
nfs-server.service
and remove
nfs-kernel-server
package:
# systemctl stop nfs-server.service
# apt purge nfs-kernel-server
- OR -
- IF -
the
nfs-kernel-server
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
nfs-server.service
:
# systemctl stop nfs-server.service
# systemctl mask nfs-server.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
nfs-kernel-server
package. If the
nfs-kernel-server
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
nfs-kernel-server
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
nfs-server.service
leaving the
nfs-kernel-server
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'LoadState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nfs-server.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nfs-server.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'nfs-kernel-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.9_Ensure_network_file_system_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.547+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893747"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893747_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893747"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893747">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893747"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'LoadState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nfs-server.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893753"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893753_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893753"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893753">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893753"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nfs-server.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nfs-server.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893744"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893744">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893744"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'nfs-kernel-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.10 Ensure nis server services are not in use
Description:
The Network Information Service (NIS) (formally known as Yellow Pages) is a client-server
directory service protocol for distributing system configuration files. The NIS server
is a collection of programs that allow for the distribution of configuration files.
The NIS client (
ypbind
) was used to bind a machine to an NIS server and receive the distributed configuration
files.
ypserv.service
is inherently an insecure system that has been vulnerable to DOS attacks, buffer overflows
and has poor authentication for querying NIS maps. NIS generally has been replaced
by such protocols as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). It is recommended
that ypserv.service
be removed and other, more secure services be used
Run the following commands to stop
ypserv.service
and remove
ypserv
package:
# systemctl stop ypserv.service
# apt purge ypserv
- OR -
- IF -
the
ypserv
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
ypserv.service
:
# systemctl stop ypserv.service
# systemctl mask ypserv.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
ypserv
package. If the
ypserv
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
ypserv
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
ypserv.service
leaving the
ypserv
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
ypserv.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
ypserv.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'ypserv' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.10_Ensure_nis_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.547+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893765"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893765_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893765"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893765">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893765"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ypserv.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893771"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893771_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893771"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893771">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893771"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'ypserv.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ypserv.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893761"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893761">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893761"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'ypserv' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.1.11 Ensure print server services are not in use
Description:
The Common Unix Print System (CUPS) provides the ability to print to both local and
network printers. A system running CUPS can also accept print jobs from remote systems
and print them to local printers. It also provides a web based remote administration
capability.
If the system does not need to print jobs or accept print jobs from other systems,
it is recommended that CUPS be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
cups.socket
and
cups.service
, and remove the
cups
package:
# systemctl stop cups.socket cups.service
# apt purge cups
- OR -
- IF -
the
cups
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
cups.socket
and
cups.service
:
# systemctl stop cups.socket cups.service
# systemctl mask cups.socket cups.service
Impact:
Removing the cups package, or disabling
cups.socket
and/or
cups.service
will prevent printing from the system, a common task for workstation systems.
There may be packages that are dependent on the
cups
package. If the
cups
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
cups
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask
cups.socket
and
cups.service
leaving the
cups
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
cups.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
cups.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
cups.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
cups.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cups' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cups |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
9ubuntu1.9 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
2.3.1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:2.3.1-9ubuntu1.9 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.11_Ensure_print_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.547+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">http://www.cups.org</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893783"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893783_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893783"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893783">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893783"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cups.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893789"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893789_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893789"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893789">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893789"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'cups.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cups.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893794"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893794_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893794"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893794">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893794"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cups.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893796"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893796_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893796"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893796">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893796"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'cups.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cups.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893780"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893780">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893780"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cups' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cups</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>9ubuntu1.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>2.3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:2.3.1-9ubuntu1.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: http://www.cups.org
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.12 Ensure rpcbind services are not in use
Description:
The rpcbind
utility maps RPC services to the ports on which they listen. RPC processes notify
rpcbind
when they start, registering the ports they are listening on and the RPC program numbers
they expect to serve. The client system then contacts
rpcbind
on the server with a particular RPC program number. The
rpcbind.service
redirects the client to the proper port number so it can communicate with the requested
service.
Portmapper is an RPC service, which always listens on tcp and udp 111, and is used
to map other RPC services (such as nfs, nlockmgr, quotad, mountd, etc.) to their corresponding
port number on the server. When a remote host makes an RPC call to that server, it
first consults with portmap to determine where the RPC server is listening.
A small request (~82 bytes via UDP) sent to the Portmapper generates a large response
(7x to 28x amplification), which makes it a suitable tool for DDoS attacks. If
rpcbind
is not required, it is recommended to remove
rpcbind
package to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
rpcbind.socket
and
rpcbind.service
, and remove the
rpcbind
package:
# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service
# apt purge rpcbind
- OR -
- IF -
the
rpcbind
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
rpcbind.socket
and
rpcbind.service
:
# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service
# systemctl mask rpcbind.socket rpcbind.service
Impact:
Many of the libvirt packages used by Enterprise Linux virtualization, and the
nfs-utils
package used for The Network File System (NFS), are dependent on the
rpcbind
package. If the
rpcbind
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
rpcbind
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
rpcbind.socket
and
rpcbind.service
leaving the
rpcbind
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rpcbind.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rpcbind.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rpcbind.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rpcbind.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'rpcbind' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.12_Ensure_rpcbind_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.548+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893805"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893805_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893805"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893805">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893805"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rpcbind.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893808"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893808_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893808"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893808">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893808"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rpcbind.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893813"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893813_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893813"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893813">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893813"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rpcbind.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893817"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893817_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893817"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893817">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893817"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rpcbind.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rpcbind.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893801"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893801">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893801"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'rpcbind' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.1.13 Ensure rsync services are not in use
Description:
The rsync
service can be used to synchronize files between systems over network links.
rsync.service
presents a security risk as the
rsync
protocol is unencrypted.
The rsync
package should be removed to reduce the attack area of the system.
Run the following commands to stop
rsync.service
, and remove the
rsync
package:
# systemctl stop rsync.service
# apt purge rsync
- OR -
- IF -
the
rsync
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
rsync.service
:
# systemctl stop rsync.service
# systemctl mask rsync.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
rsync
package. If the
rsync
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
rsync
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask
rsync.service
leaving the
rsync
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsync.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsync.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsync.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsync.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'rsync' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
rsync |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
8ubuntu0.9 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.1.3 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.1.3-8ubuntu0.9 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.13_Ensure_rsync_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.548+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893827"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893827_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893827"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893827">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893827"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsync.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsync.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893830"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893830_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893830"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893830">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893830"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsync.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsync.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893824"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893824">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893824"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'rsync' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsync</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>8ubuntu0.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.1.3-8ubuntu0.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.14 Ensure samba file server services are not in use
Description:
The Samba daemon allows system administrators to configure their Linux systems to
share file systems and directories with Windows desktops. Samba will advertise the
file systems and directories via the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol. Windows
desktop users will be able to mount these directories and file systems as letter drives
on their systems.
If there is no need to mount directories and file systems to Windows systems, then
this service should be deleted to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
smbd.service
and remove
samba
package:
# systemctl stop smbd.service
# apt purge samba
- OR -
- IF -
the
samba
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
smbd.service
:
# systemctl stop smbd.service
# systemctl mask smbd.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
samba
package. If the
samba
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
samba
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
smbd.service
leaving the
samba
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'smbd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
smbd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'smbd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
smbd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'samba' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.14_Ensure_samba_file_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.548+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893841"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893841_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893841"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893841">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893841"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'smbd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>smbd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893844"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893844_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893844"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893844">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893844"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'smbd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>smbd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893836"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893836">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893836"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'samba' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.15 Ensure snmp services are not in use
Description:
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a widely used protocol for monitoring
the health and welfare of network equipment, computer equipment and devices like UPSs.
Net-SNMP is a suite of applications used to implement SNMPv1 (RFC 1157), SNMPv2 (RFCs
1901-1908), and SNMPv3 (RFCs 3411-3418) using both IPv4 and IPv6.
Support for SNMPv2 classic (a.k.a. "SNMPv2 historic" - RFCs 1441-1452) was dropped
with the 4.0 release of the UCD-snmp package.
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) server is used to listen for SNMP commands
from an SNMP management system, execute the commands or collect the information and
then send results back to the requesting system.
The SNMP server can communicate using
SNMPv1
, which transmits data in the clear and does not require authentication to execute
commands.
SNMPv3
replaces the simple/clear text password sharing used in
SNMPv2
with more securely encoded parameters. If the the SNMP service is not required, the
snmpd
package should be removed to reduce the attack surface of the system.
Note:
If SNMP is required:
-
The server should be configured for
SNMP v3
only.
User Authentication
and
Message Encryption
should be configured.
-
If
SNMP v2
is
absolutely
necessary, modify the community strings' values.
Run the following commands to stop
snmpd.service
and remove the
snmpd
package:
# systemctl stop snmpd.service
# apt purge snmpd
- OR -
If the package is required for dependencies:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
snmpd.service
:
# systemctl stop snmpd.service
# systemctl mask snmpd.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
snmpd
package. If the
snmpd
package is removed, these packages will be removed as well.
Before removing the
snmpd
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
If a dependent package is required, stop and mask the
snmpd.service
leaving the
snmpd
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'LoadState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
snmpd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
snmpd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'snmpd' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.15_Ensure_snmp_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.548+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893854"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893854_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893854"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893854">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893854"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'LoadState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>snmpd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893859"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893859_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893859"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893859">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893859"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'snmpd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>snmpd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893850"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893850">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893850"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'snmpd' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.16 Ensure tftp server services are not in use
Description:
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple protocol for exchanging files between
two TCP/IP machines. TFTP servers allow connections from a TFTP Client for sending
and receiving files.
Unless there is a need to run the system as a TFTP server, it is recommended that
the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
TFTP does not have built-in encryption, access control or authentication. This makes
it very easy for an attacker to exploit TFTP to gain access to files
Run the following commands to stop
tftpd-hpa.service
, and remove the
tftpd-hpa
package:
# systemctl stop tftpd-hpa.service
# apt purge tftpd-hpa
- OR -
- IF -
the
tftpd-hpa
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
tftpd-hpa.service
:
# systemctl stop tftpd-hpa.service
# systemctl mask tftpd-hpa.service
Impact:
TFTP is often used to provide files for network booting such as for PXE based installation
of servers.
There may be packages that are dependent on the
tftpd-hpa
package. If the
tftpd-hpa
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
tftpd-hpa
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask
tftpd-hpa.service
leaving the
tftpd-hpa
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'tftpd-hpa.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
tftpd-hpa.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'tftpd-hpa.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
tftpd-hpa.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'tftpd-hpa' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.16_Ensure_tftp_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.548+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893869"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893869_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893869"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893869">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893869"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'tftpd-hpa.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>tftpd-hpa.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893873"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893873_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893873"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893873">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893873"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'tftpd-hpa.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>tftpd-hpa.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893865"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893865">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893865"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'tftpd-hpa' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.17 Ensure web proxy server services are not in use
Description:
squid- OR -squid-openssl
is a standard proxy server used in many distributions and environments.
Unless a system is specifically set up to act as a proxy server, it is recommended
that the squid package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Note:
Several HTTP proxy servers exist. These should be checked and removed unless required.
Run the following commands to stop
squid.service
and remove the
squid
and
squid-openssl
packages:
# systemctl stop squid.service
# apt purge squid squid-openssl
- OR -
If the
squid
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
squid.service
:
# systemctl stop squid.service
# systemctl mask squid.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
squid- OR -squid-openssl
package. If the
squid- OR -squid-openssl
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
squid
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
squid.service
leaving the
squid- OR -squid-openssl
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
squid.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
squid.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'squid' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
squid.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
squid.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'squid-openssl' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.17_Ensure_web_proxy_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.548+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893885"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893885_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893885"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893885">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893885"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>squid.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893890"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893890_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893890"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893890">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893890"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>squid.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893881"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893881">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893881"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'squid' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893896"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893896_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893896"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893896">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893896"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>squid.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893901"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893901_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893901"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893901">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893901"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'squid.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>squid.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893892"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893892">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893892"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'squid-openssl' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.18 Ensure web server services are not in use
Description:
Web servers provide the ability to host web site content.
Unless there is a local site approved requirement to run a web server service on the
system, web server packages should be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following commands to stop
httpd.socket
,
httpd.service
, and
nginx.service
, and remove
apache2
and
nginx
packages:
# systemctl stop apache2.socket apache2.service nginx.service
# apt purge apache2 nginx
- OR -
- IF -
a package is installed
and
is required for dependencies:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
apache2.socket
,
apache2.service
, and
nginx.service
:
# systemctl stop apache2.socket apache2.service nginx.service
# systemctl mask apache2.socket apache2.service nginx.service
Note:
Other web server packages may exist. If not required and authorized by local site
policy, they should also be removed. If the package is required for a dependency,
the service and socket should be stopped and masked.
Impact:
Removal of web server packages will remove that ability for the server to host web
services.
- IF -
the web server package is required for a dependency, any related service or socket
should be stopped and masked.
Note:
If the remediation steps to mask a service are followed and that package is not installed
on the system, the service and/or socket will still be masked. If the package is installed
due to an approved requirement to host a web server, the associated service and/or
socket would need to be unmasked before it could be enabled and/or started.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'apache2.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
apache2.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'apache2.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
apache2.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'apache2.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
apache2.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'apache2.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
apache2.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'apache2' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nginx.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nginx.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'nginx' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.18_Ensure_web_server_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.548+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893916"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893916_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893916"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893916">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893916"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'apache2.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>apache2.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893921"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893921_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893921"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893921">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893921"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'apache2.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>apache2.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893925"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893925_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893925"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893925">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893925"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'apache2.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>apache2.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893930"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893930_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893930"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893930">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893930"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'apache2.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>apache2.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893908"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893908">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893908"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'apache2' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893935"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893935_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893935"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893935">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893935"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nginx.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893939"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893939_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893939"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893939">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893939"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nginx.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nginx.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893913"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893913">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893913"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'nginx' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.19 Ensure xinetd services are not in use
Description:
The eXtended InterNET Daemon (
xinetd
) is an open source super daemon that replaced the original
inetd
daemon. The
xinetd
daemon listens for well known services and dispatches the appropriate daemon to properly
respond to service requests.
If there are no
xinetd
services required, it is recommended that the package be removed to reduce the attack
surface are of the system.
Note:
If an
xinetd
service or services are required, ensure that any
xinetd
service not required is stopped and masked
Run the following commands to stop
xinetd.service
, and remove the
xinetd
package:
# systemctl stop xinetd.service
# apt purge xinetd
-OR-
-IF-
the
xinetd
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
xinetd.service
:
# systemctl stop xinetd.service
# systemctl mask xinetd.service
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the
xinetd
package. If the
xinetd
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
xinetd
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
-IF-
a dependent package is required: stop and mask xinetd.service leaving the xinetd package
installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
xinetd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
xinetd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'xinetd' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.19_Ensure_xinetd_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893950"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893950_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893950"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893950">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893950"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>xinetd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893954"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893954_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893954"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893954">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893954"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'xinetd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>xinetd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893945"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893945">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893945"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'xinetd' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.1.21 Ensure mail transfer agents are configured for local-only mode
Description:
Mail Transfer Agents (MTA), such as sendmail and Postfix, are used to listen for incoming
mail and transfer the messages to the appropriate user or mail server. If the system
is not intended to be a mail server, it is recommended that the MTA be configured
to only process local mail.
The software for all Mail Transfer Agents is complex and most have a long history
of security issues. While it is important to ensure that the system can process local
mail messages, it is not necessary to have the MTA's daemon listening on a port unless
the server is intended to be a mail server that receives and processes mail from other
systems.
Edit
/etc/postfix/main.cf
and add the following line to the RECEIVING MAIL section. If the line already exists,
change it to look like the line below:
inet_interfaces = loopback-only
Run the following command to restart
postfix
:
# systemctl restart postfix
Note:
- This recommendation is designed around the postfix mail server.
- Depending on your environment you may have an alternative MTA installed such as exim4
or sendmail. If this is the case consult the documentation for your installed MTA
to configure the recommended state.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mta_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Port "25" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface
- - Port "465" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface
- - Port "587" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface
- - MTA not detected or in use
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.21_Ensure_mail_transfer_agents_are_configured_for_local-only_mode"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mta_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mta_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mta_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Port "25" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</l>
<l> - Port "465" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</l>
<l> - Port "587" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</l>
<l> - MTA not detected or in use</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mta_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Port "25" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</li>
<li> - Port "465" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</li>
<li> - Port "587" is not listening on a non-loopback network interface</li>
<li> - MTA not detected or in use</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual2.1.22 Ensure only approved services are listening on a network interface
Description:
A network port is identified by its number, the associated IP address, and the type
of the communication protocol such as TCP or UDP.
A listening port is a network port on which an application or process listens on,
acting as a communication endpoint.
Each listening port can be open or closed (filtered) using a firewall. In general
terms, an open port is a network port that accepts incoming packets from remote locations.
Services listening on the system pose a potential risk as an attack vector. These
services should be reviewed, and if not required, the service should be stopped, and
the package containing the service should be removed. If required packages have a
dependency, the service should be stopped and masked to reduce the attack surface
of the system.
Run the following commands to stop the service and remove the package containing the
service:
# systemctl stop <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
# apt purge <package_name>
- OR -
If required packages have a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask the service and socket:
# systemctl stop <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
# systemctl mask <service_name>.socket <service_name>.service
Note:
replace
<service_name>
with the appropriate service name.
Impact:
There may be packages that are dependent on the service's package. If the service's
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the service's package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required
on the system.
- IF -
a dependent package is required: stop and mask the
<service_name>.socket
and
<service_name>.service
leaving the service's package installed.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.1.22_Ensure_only_approved_services_are_listening_on_a_network_interface"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
2.2 Configure Client Services
A number of insecure services exist. While disabling the servers prevents a local
attack against these services, it is advised to remove their clients unless they are
required.
Note:
This should not be considered a comprehensive list of insecure service clients. You
may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.
Pass2.2.1 Ensure nis client is not installed
Description:
The Network Information Service (NIS), formerly known as Yellow Pages, is a client-server
directory service protocol used to distribute system configuration files. The NIS
client was used to bind a machine to an NIS server and receive the distributed configuration
files.
The NIS service is inherently an insecure system that has been vulnerable to DOS attacks,
buffer overflows and has poor authentication for querying NIS maps. NIS generally
has been replaced by such protocols as Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
It is recommended that the service be removed.
Uninstall
nis
:
# apt purge nis
Impact:
Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing environments.
Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they are required
it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or intentional
misuse.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'nis' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.1_Ensure_nis_client_is_not_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/2/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893978"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893978">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893978"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'nis' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 2: Inventory and Control of Software Assets: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage (inventory, track, and correct) all software on the network so that
only authorized software is installed and can execute, and that all unauthorized and
unmanaged software is found and prevented from installation or execution. |
| Subcontrol: |
2.6 |
| Label: |
Address unapproved software |
| Description: |
Ensure that unauthorized software is either removed or the inventory is updated in
a timely manner |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.2.2 Ensure rsh client is not installed
Description:
The rsh-client
package contains the client commands for the rsh services.
These legacy clients contain numerous security exposures and have been replaced with
the more secure SSH package. Even if the server is removed, it is best to ensure the
clients are also removed to prevent users from inadvertently attempting to use these
commands and therefore exposing their credentials. Note that removing the
rsh-client
package removes the clients for
rsh
, rcp
and rlogin
.
Uninstall
rsh
:
# apt purge rsh-client
Impact:
Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing environments.
Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they are required
it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or intentional
misuse.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'rsh-client' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.2_Ensure_rsh_client_is_not_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893985"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893985">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893985"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'rsh-client' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.2.3 Ensure talk client is not installed
Description:
The talk
software makes it possible for users to send and receive messages across systems through
a terminal session. The
talk
client, which allows initialization of talk sessions, is installed by default.
The software presents a security risk as it uses unencrypted protocols for communication.
Uninstall
talk
:
# apt purge talk
Impact:
Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing environments.
Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they are required
it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or intentional
misuse.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'talk' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.3_Ensure_talk_client_is_not_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893992"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893992">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893992"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'talk' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.2.4 Ensure telnet client is not installed
Description:
The telnet
package contains the
telnet
client, which allows users to start connections to other systems via the telnet protocol.
The telnet
protocol is insecure and unencrypted. The use of an unencrypted transmission medium
could allow an unauthorized user to steal credentials. The
ssh
package provides an encrypted session and stronger security and is included in most
Linux distributions.
Uninstall
telnet
:
# apt purge telnet
Impact:
Many insecure service clients are used as troubleshooting tools and in testing environments.
Uninstalling them can inhibit capability to test and troubleshoot. If they are required
it is advisable to remove the clients after use to prevent accidental or intentional
misuse.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'telnet' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
telnet |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
41.2build1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
0.17 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:0.17-41.2build1 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.4_Ensure_telnet_client_is_not_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893997"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893997">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893997"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'telnet' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>telnet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>41.2build1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0.17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:0.17-41.2build1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.2.5 Ensure ldap client is not installed
Description:
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was introduced as a replacement for
NIS/YP. It is a service that provides a method for looking up information from a central
database.
If the system will not need to act as an LDAP client, it is recommended that the software
be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Uninstall
ldap-utils
:
# apt purge ldap-utils
Impact:
Removing the LDAP client will prevent or inhibit using LDAP for authentication in
your environment.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'ldap-utils' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.5_Ensure_ldap_client_is_not_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894002"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894002">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894002"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'ldap-utils' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.2.6 Ensure ftp client is not installed
Description:
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a traditional and widely used standard tool for transferring
files between a server and clients over a network, especially where no authentication
is necessary (permits anonymous users to connect to a server).
FTP does not protect the confidentiality of data or authentication credentials. It
is recommended SFTP be used if file transfer is required. Unless there is a need to
run the system as a FTP server (for example, to allow anonymous downloads), it is
recommended that the package be removed to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following command to uninstall
ftp
:
# apt purge ftp
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'ftp' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
ftp |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
34.1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
0.17 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:0.17-34.1 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.2.6_Ensure_ftp_client_is_not_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.549+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894008"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894008">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894008"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'ftp' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ftp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>34.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0.17</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:0.17-34.1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7, CM-11
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
2.3 Configure Time Synchronization
It is recommended that systems be configured to synchronize their time using a service
such as systemd-timesyncd
, or chrony
.
Virtual systems may be configured to receive their time synchronization from their
host system.
The host system must be configured to synchronize its time from an authoritative source
to be considered compliant with this section.
Any "physical" clock present on a system should be synchronized from an authoritative
time source.
Only one time synchronization method should be in use on the system
Notes:
Only the section related to the time synchronization method in use on the system should
be followed, all other time synchronization recommendations should be skipped
2.3.1 Ensure time synchronization is in use
It is recommended that physical systems and virtual guests lacking direct access to
the physical host's clock be configured to synchronize their time using a service
such as
systemd-timesyncd
, or chrony
.
Pass2.3.1.1 Ensure a single time synchronization daemon is in use
Description:
System time should be synchronized between all systems in an environment. This is
typically done by establishing an authoritative time server or set of servers and
having all systems synchronize their clocks to them.
Note:
- On virtual systems where host based time synchronization is available consult your
virtualization software documentation and verify that host based synchronization is
in use and follows local site policy. In this scenario, this section should be skipped
-
Only
one
time synchronization method should be in use on the system. Configuring multiple time
synchronization methods could lead to unexpected or unreliable results
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms and
ensures log files have consistent time records across the enterprise, which aids in
forensic investigations.
On physical systems, and virtual systems where host based time synchronization is
not available.
Select
one
of the two time synchronization daemons;
chrony (1)
or
systemd-timesyncd (2)
and following the remediation procedure for the selected daemon.
Note:
enabling more than one synchronization daemon could lead to unexpected or unreliable
results:
- chrony
Run the following command to install
chrony
:
# apt install chrony
Run the following commands to stop and mask the
systemd-timesyncd
daemon:
# systemctl stop systemd-timesyncd.service
# systemctl mask systemd-timesyncd.service
Note:
-
Subsection:
Configure chrony
should be followed
-
Subsection:
Configure systemd-timesyncd
should be skipped
- systemd-timesyncd
Run the following command to remove the chrony package:
# apt purge chrony
# apt autoremove chrony
Note:
-
Subsection:
Configure systemd-timesyncd
should be followed
-
Subsection:
Configure chrony
should be skipped
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_timesync_daemon_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Only one time sync daemon is in use on the system
- - Daemon: "systemd-timesyncd.service" is enabled on the system
- - Daemon: "systemd-timesyncd.service" is active on the system
- - Daemon: "chrony.service" is not enabled and not active on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.1.1_Ensure_a_single_time_synchronization_daemon_is_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.550+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/1"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_timesync_daemon_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_timesync_daemon_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_timesync_daemon_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Only one time sync daemon is in use on the system</l>
<l> - Daemon: "systemd-timesyncd.service" is enabled on the system</l>
<l> - Daemon: "systemd-timesyncd.service" is active on the system</l>
<l> - Daemon: "chrony.service" is not enabled and not active on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_timesync_daemon_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Only one time sync daemon is in use on the system</li>
<li> - Daemon: "systemd-timesyncd.service" is enabled on the system</li>
<li> - Daemon: "systemd-timesyncd.service" is active on the system</li>
<li> - Daemon: "chrony.service" is not enabled and not active on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.1 |
| Label: |
Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources |
| Description: |
Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and network devices
retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps in logs are consistent. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.4 |
| Label: |
Standardize Time Synchronization |
| Description: |
Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time sources
across enterprise assets, where supported. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
2.3.2 Configure systemd-timesyncd
systemd-timesyncd
is a daemon that has been added for synchronizing the system clock across the network.
It implements an SNTP client. In contrast to NTP implementations such as chrony or
the NTP reference server this only implements a client side, and does not bother with
the full NTP complexity, focusing only on querying time from one remote server and
synchronizing the local clock to it. The daemon runs with minimal privileges, and
has been hooked up with networkd to only operate when network connectivity is available.
The daemon saves the current clock to disk every time a new NTP sync has been acquired,
and uses this to possibly correct the system clock early at bootup, in order to accommodate
for systems that lack an RTC such as the Raspberry Pi and embedded devices, and make
sure that time monotonically progresses on these systems, even if it is not always
correct. To make use of this daemon a new system user and group "systemd-timesync"
needs to be created on installation of systemd.
The default configuration is set during compilation, so configuration is only needed
when it is necessary to deviate from those defaults. Initially, the main configuration
file in /etc/systemd/ contains commented out entries showing the defaults as a guide
to the administrator. Local overrides can be created by editing this file or by creating
drop-ins, as described below. Using drop-ins for local configuration is recommended
over modifications to the main configuration file.
In addition to the "main" configuration file, drop-in configuration snippets are read
from /usr/lib/systemd/*.conf.d/
, /usr/local/lib/systemd/*.conf.d/
, and
/etc/systemd/*.conf.d/
. Those drop-ins have higher precedence and override the main configuration file.
Files in the *.conf.d/ configuration subdirectories are sorted by their filename in
lexicographic order, regardless of in which of the subdirectories they reside. When
multiple files specify the same option, for options which accept just a single value,
the entry in the file sorted last takes precedence, and for options which accept a
list of values, entries are collected as they occur in the sorted files.
When packages need to customize the configuration, they can install drop-ins under
/usr/. Files in /etc/ are reserved for the local administrator, who may use this logic
to override the configuration files installed by vendor packages. Drop-ins have to
be used to override package drop-ins, since the main configuration file has lower
precedence. It is recommended to prefix all filenames in those subdirectories with
a two-digit number and a dash, to simplify the ordering of the files.
To disable a configuration file supplied by the vendor, the recommended way is to
place a symlink to /dev/null in the configuration directory in /etc/, with the same
filename as the vendor configuration file.
Note:
-
The recommendations in this section only apply if
timesyncd
is in use on the system
-
The
systemd-timesyncd
service specifically implements only SNTP.
- This minimalistic service will set the system clock for large offsets or slowly adjust
it for smaller deltas
-
More complex use cases are not covered by
systemd-timesyncd
-
If
chrony
is used,
systemd-timesyncd
should be stopped and masked, and this section skipped
- One, and only one, time synchronization method should be in use on the system
Fail2.3.2.1 Ensure systemd-timesyncd configured with authorized timeserver
Description:
NTP=
- A space-separated list of NTP server host names or IP addresses. During runtime this
list is combined with any per-interface NTP servers acquired from systemd-networkd.service(8).
systemd-timesyncd will contact all configured system or per-interface servers in turn,
until one responds. When the empty string is assigned, the list of NTP servers is
reset, and all prior assignments will have no effect. This setting defaults to an
empty list.
FallbackNTP=
- A space-separated list of NTP server host names or IP addresses to be used as the
fallback NTP servers. Any per-interface NTP servers obtained from systemd-networkd.service(8)
take precedence over this setting, as do any servers set via NTP= above. This setting
is hence only relevant if no other NTP server information is known. When the empty
string is assigned, the list of NTP servers is reset, and all prior assignments will
have no effect. If this option is not given, a compiled-in list of NTP servers is
used.
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms and
to ensure log files have consistent time records across the enterprise to aid in forensic
investigations
Set
NTP
and/or
FallbackNPT
parameters to local site approved authoritative time server(s) in
/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf
or a file in
/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/
ending in
.conf
in the
[Time]
section:
Example file:
[Time]
NTP=time.nist.gov # Uses the generic name for NIST's time servers
FallbackNTP=time-a-g.nist.gov time-b-g.nist.gov time-c-g.nist.gov # Space separated
list of NIST time servers
Example script to create systemd drop-in configuration file:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_settings=("NTP=time.nist.gov" "FallbackNTP=time-a-g.nist.gov time-b-g.nist.gov time-c-g.nist.gov")
[ ! -d /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/
if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Time\]' /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/60-timesyncd.conf; then
printf '%s\n' "" "${a_settings[@]}" >> /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/60-timesyncd.conf
else
printf '%s\n' "" "[Time]" "${a_settings[@]}" >> /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.d/60-timesyncd.conf
fi
}
Note:
If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-timesyncd
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal
'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-timesyncd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-timesyncd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "NTP" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "NTP" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "FallbackNTP" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "FallbackNTP" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.2.1_Ensure_systemd-timesyncd_configured_with_authorized_timeserver"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.550+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/1"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/timesyncd.conf.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-7, AU-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894022"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894022_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894022"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894022">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894022"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-timesyncd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894026"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894026_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894026"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894026">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894026"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-timesyncd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894019_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "NTP" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "NTP" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "NTP" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "NTP" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894030_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "FallbackNTP" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "FallbackNTP" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "FallbackNTP" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "FallbackNTP" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/timesyncd.conf.html
- URL: https://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-7, AU-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.1 |
| Label: |
Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources |
| Description: |
Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and network devices
retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps in logs are consistent. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.4 |
| Label: |
Standardize Time Synchronization |
| Description: |
Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time sources
across enterprise assets, where supported. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.3.2.2 Ensure systemd-timesyncd is enabled and running
Description:
systemd-timesyncd is a daemon that has been added for synchronizing the system clock
across the network
systemd-timesyncd needs to be enabled and running in order to synchronize the system
to a timeserver.
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms and
to ensure log files have consistent time records across the enterprise to aid in forensic
investigations
- IF -systemd-timesyncd
is in use on the system, run the following commands:
Run the following command to unmask
systemd-timesyncd.service
:
# systemctl unmask systemd-timesyncd.service
Run the following command to enable and start
systemd-timesyncd.service
:
# systemctl --now enable systemd-timesyncd.service
- OR -
If another time synchronization service is in use on the system, run the following
command to stop and mask
systemd-timesyncd
:
# systemctl --now mask systemd-timesyncd.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-timesyncd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-timesyncd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
chrony.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
chrony.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.2.2_Ensure_systemd-timesyncd_is_enabled_and_running"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.550+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/1"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-7, AU-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894035"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894035_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894035"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894035">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894035"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-timesyncd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894038"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894038_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894038"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894038">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894038"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-timesyncd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894041"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894041_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894041"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894041">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894041"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>chrony.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894044"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894044_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894044"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894044">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894044"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>chrony.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-7, AU-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.1 |
| Label: |
Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources |
| Description: |
Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and network devices
retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps in logs are consistent. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.4 |
| Label: |
Standardize Time Synchronization |
| Description: |
Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time sources
across enterprise assets, where supported. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
2.3.3 Configure chrony
chrony
is a daemon which implements the Network Time Protocol (NTP) and is designed to synchronize
system clocks across a variety of systems and use a source that is highly accurate.
chrony
can be configured to be a client and/or a server.
More information on
chrony
can be found at:
http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/
.
Note:
-
If
systemd-timesyncd
is being used,
chrony
should be removed and this section skipped
- Only one time synchronization method should be in use on the system
Pass2.3.3.1 Ensure chrony is configured with authorized timeserver
Description:
-
server
- The server directive specifies an NTP server which can be used as a time source. The
client-server relationship is strictly hierarchical: a client might synchronize its
system time to that of the server, but the server’s system time will never be influenced
by that of a client.
- This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple servers.
- The directive is immediately followed by either the name of the server, or its IP
address.
-
pool
- The syntax of this directive is similar to that for the server directive, except that
it is used to specify a pool of NTP servers rather than a single NTP server. The pool
name is expected to resolve to multiple addresses which might change over time.
- This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple pools.
- All options valid in the server directive can be used in this directive too.
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms and
to ensure log files have consistent time records across the enterprise to aid in forensic
investigations
Edit
/etc/chrony/chrony.conf
or a file ending in
.sources
in
/etc/chrony/sources.d/
and add or edit server or pool lines as appropriate according to local site policy:
Edit the
Chrony
configuration and add or edit the server and/or pool lines returned by the Audit Procedure
as appropriate according to local site policy
<[server|pool]> <[remote-server|remote-pool]>
Example script to add a drop-in configuration for the
pool
directive:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
[ ! -d "/etc/chrony/sources.d/" ] && mkdir /etc/chrony/sources.d/
printf '%s\n' "" "#The maxsources option is unique to the pool directive" \
"pool time.nist.gov iburst maxsources 4" >> /etc/chrony/sources.d/60-sources.sources
chronyc reload sources &>/dev/null
}
Example script to add a drop-in configuration for the
server
directive:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
[ ! -d "/etc/chrony/sources.d/" ] && mkdir /etc/chrony/sources.d/
printf '%s\n' "" "server time-a-g.nist.gov iburst" "server 132.163.97.3 iburst" \
"server time-d-b.nist.gov iburst" >> /etc/chrony/sources.d/60-sources.sources
chronyc reload sources &>/dev/null
}
Run the following command to reload the
chronyd
config:
# systemctl reload-or-restart chronyd
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
chrony.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
chrony.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-timesyncd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-timesyncd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_chrony_timeserver_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "server or pool"
- Does not exist in the chrony configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3.1_Ensure_chrony_is_configured_with_authorized_timeserver"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.550+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/1"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">chrony.conf(5) Manual Page</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894053"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894053_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894053"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894053">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894053"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>chrony.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894056"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894056_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894056"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894056">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894056"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>chrony.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894059"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894059_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894059"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894059">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894059"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-timesyncd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894063"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894063_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894063"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894063">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894063"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-timesyncd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-timesyncd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894050_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_chrony_timeserver_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_chrony_timeserver_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_chrony_timeserver_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "server or pool"</l>
<l> Does not exist in the chrony configuration</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_chrony_timeserver_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "server or pool"</li>
<li> Does not exist in the chrony configuration</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: chrony.conf(5) Manual Page
- URL: https://tf.nist.gov/tf-cgi/servers.cgi
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.1 |
| Label: |
Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources |
| Description: |
Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and network devices
retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps in logs are consistent. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.4 |
| Label: |
Standardize Time Synchronization |
| Description: |
Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time sources
across enterprise assets, where supported. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.3.3.2 Ensure chrony is running as user _chrony
Description:
The
chrony
package is installed with a dedicated user account
_chrony
. This account is granted the access required by the
chronyd
service
The
chronyd
service should run with only the required privlidges
Add or edit the
user
line to
/etc/chrony/chrony.conf
or a file ending in
.conf
in
/etc/chrony/conf.d/
:
user _chrony
- OR -
If another time synchronization service is in use on the system, run the following
command to remove
chrony
from the system:
# apt purge chrony
# apt autoremove chrony
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_service_owned_by_user_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Start check - systemd service process is owned by user
- - FAIL!
- - systemd service: "" with PID: "" is owned by user: ""
- - End check - systemd service process is owned by user
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3.2_Ensure_chrony_is_running_as_user__chrony"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.550+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894066_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_service_owned_by_user_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_service_owned_by_user_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_service_owned_by_user_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>- Start check - systemd service process is owned by user</l>
<l>- FAIL!</l>
<l>- systemd service: "" with PID: "" is owned by user: ""</l>
<l>- End check - systemd service process is owned by user</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_service_owned_by_user_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>- Start check - systemd service process is owned by user</li>
<li>- FAIL!</li>
<li>- systemd service: "" with PID: "" is owned by user: ""</li>
<li>- End check - systemd service process is owned by user</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894069"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894069">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894069"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass2.3.3.3 Ensure chrony is enabled and running
Description:
chrony is a daemon for synchronizing the system clock across the network
chrony needs to be enabled and running in order to synchronize the system to a timeserver.
Time synchronization is important to support time sensitive security mechanisms and
to ensure log files have consistent time records across the enterprise to aid in forensic
investigations
- IF -chrony
is in use on the system, run the following commands:
Run the following command to unmask
chrony.service
:
# systemctl unmask chrony.service
Run the following command to enable and start
chrony.service
:
# systemctl --now enable chrony.service
- OR -
If another time synchronization service is in use on the system, run the following
command to remove
chrony
:
# apt purge chrony
# apt autoremove chrony
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
chrony.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
chrony.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.3.3.3_Ensure_chrony_is_enabled_and_running"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.550+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/1"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894071"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894071_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894071"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894071">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894071"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>chrony.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894073"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894073_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894073"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894073">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894073"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'chrony.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>chrony.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894075"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894075">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894075"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'chrony' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.1 |
| Label: |
Utilize Three Synchronized Time Sources |
| Description: |
Use at least three synchronized time sources from which all servers and network devices
retrieve time information on a regular basis so that timestamps in logs are consistent. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.4 |
| Label: |
Standardize Time Synchronization |
| Description: |
Standardize time synchronization. Configure at least two synchronized time sources
across enterprise assets, where supported. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
2.4 Job Schedulers
A job scheduler is used to execute jobs, commands, or shell scripts, at fixed times,
dates, or intervals
2.4.1 Configure cron
cron
is a time based job scheduler
- IF -cron
is not installed on the system, this sub section can be skipped
Note:
Other methods such as
systemd timers
exist for scheduling jobs. If an alternate method is in use, it should be secured
in accordance with local site policy
Pass2.4.1.1 Ensure cron daemon is enabled and active
Description:
The
cron
daemon is used to execute batch jobs on the system.
While there may not be user jobs that need to be run on the system, the system does
have maintenance jobs that may include security monitoring that have to run, and
cron
is used to execute them.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to unmask, enable, and start
cron
:
# systemctl unmask "$(systemctl list-unit-files | awk '$1~/^crond?\.service/{print
$1}')"
# systemctl --now enable "$(systemctl list-unit-files | awk '$1~/^crond?\.service/{print
$1}')"
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
cron.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
cron.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
At least one |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
crond.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
crond.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.1_Ensure_cron_daemon_is_enabled_and_active"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.551+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894079"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894079_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894079"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894079">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894079"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894084"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894084_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894084"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894084">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894084"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894081"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894081">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894081"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894086"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894086">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894086"
check="at least one"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>At least one</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894089"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894089_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894089"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894089">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894089"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>crond.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6894091"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894091_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894091"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894091">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894091"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'crond.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>crond.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Fail2.4.1.2 Ensure access to /etc/crontab is configured
Description:
The
/etc/crontab
file is used by
cron
to control its own jobs. The commands in this item make sure that root is the user
and group owner of the file and that only the owner can access the file.
This file contains information on what system jobs are run by cron. Write access to
these files could provide unprivileged users with the ability to elevate their privileges.
Read access to these files could provide users with the ability to gain insight on
system jobs that run on the system and could provide them a way to gain unauthorized
privileged access.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on
/etc/crontab
:
# chown root:root /etc/crontab
# chmod og-rwx /etc/crontab
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - file: "/etc/crontab" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/crontab" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/crontab" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.2_Ensure_access_to_etccrontab_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.551+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894095_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/crontab" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/crontab" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894103_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/crontab" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/crontab" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894105_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/crontab" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/crontab" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894097"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894097">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894097"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894100"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894100">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894100"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.4.1.3 Ensure access to /etc/cron.hourly is configured
Description:
This directory contains system
cron
jobs that need to run on an hourly basis. The files in this directory cannot be manipulated
by the
crontab
command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The
commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing
regular users from accessing this directory.
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them
the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges
or circumvent auditing controls.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the
/etc/cron.hourly
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.hourly/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.hourly/
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned
by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.3_Ensure_access_to_etccron.hourly_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.551+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894109_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894116_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894118_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.hourly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894112"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894112">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894112"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894114"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894114">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894114"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.4.1.4 Ensure access to /etc/cron.daily is configured
Description:
The
/etc/cron.daily
directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a daily basis. The files in
this directory cannot be manipulated by the
crontab
command, but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The
commands below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing
regular users from accessing this directory.
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them
the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges
or circumvent auditing controls.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the
/etc/cron.daily
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.daily/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.daily/
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned
by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.4_Ensure_access_to_etccron.daily_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.551+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894122_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894129_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894132_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.daily/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894124"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894124">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894124"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894127"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894127">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894127"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.4.1.5 Ensure access to /etc/cron.weekly is configured
Description:
The
/etc/cron.weekly
directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a weekly basis. The files
in this directory cannot be manipulated by the
crontab
command but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands
below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular
users from accessing this directory.
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them
the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges
or circumvent auditing controls.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the
/etc/cron.weekly
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.weekly/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.weekly/
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned
by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.5_Ensure_access_to_etccron.weekly_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.551+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894136_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894143_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894146_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.weekly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894138"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894138">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894138"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894140"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894140">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894140"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.4.1.6 Ensure access to /etc/cron.monthly is configured
Description:
The
/etc/cron.monthly
directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on a monthly basis. The files
in this directory cannot be manipulated by the
crontab
command but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands
below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular
users from accessing this directory.
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them
the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges
or circumvent auditing controls.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the
/etc/cron.monthly
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.monthly/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.monthly/
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more
restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned
by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.6_Ensure_access_to_etccron.monthly_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.551+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894150_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894155_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894156_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.monthly/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894152"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894152">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894152"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894154"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894154">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894154"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass2.4.1.7 Ensure access to /etc/cron.yearly is configured
Description:
The
/etc/cron.yearly
directory contains system cron jobs that need to run on an annual basis. The files
in this directory cannot be manipulated by the crontab command but are instead edited
by system administrators using a text editor. The commands below restrict read/write
and search access to user and group root, preventing regular users from accessing
this directory.
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them
the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges
or circumvent auditing controls.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the
/etc/cron.yearly
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.yearly/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.yearly/
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.7_Ensure_access_to_etccron.yearly_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.551+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6931478_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6931479_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6931480_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/cron.yearly/" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6931481"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6931481">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6931481"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6931482"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6931482">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6931482"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
Fail2.4.1.8 Ensure access to /etc/cron.d is configured
Description:
The
/etc/cron.d
directory contains system
cron
jobs that need to run in a similar manner to the hourly, daily weekly and monthly
jobs from
/etc/crontab
, but require more granular control as to when they run. The files in this directory
cannot be manipulated by the
crontab
command but are instead edited by system administrators using a text editor. The commands
below restrict read/write and search access to user and group root, preventing regular
users from accessing this directory.
Granting write access to this directory for non-privileged users could provide them
the means for gaining unauthorized elevated privileges. Granting read access to this
directory could give an unprivileged user insight in how to gain elevated privileges
or circumvent auditing controls.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following commands to set ownership and permissions on the
/etc/cron.d
directory:
# chown root:root /etc/cron.d/
# chmod og-rwx /etc/cron.d/
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by:
"root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.8_Ensure_access_to_etccron.d_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894168_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is mode: "0755" (should be mode: "700" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894174_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894175_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - directory: "/etc/cron.d/" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894170"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894170">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894170"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894172"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894172">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894172"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail2.4.1.9 Ensure access to crontab is configured
Description:
crontab
is the program used to install, deinstall, or list the tables used to drive the cron
daemon. Each user can have their own crontab, and though files are created, they are
not intended to be edited directly.
If the
/etc/cron.allow
file exists, then you must be listed (one user per line) therein in order to be allowed
to use this command. If the
/etc/cron.allow
file does not exist but the
/etc/cron.deny
file does exist, then you must not be listed in the
/etc/cron.deny
file in order to use this command.
If neither of these files exists, then depending on site-dependent configuration parameters,
only the super user will be allowed to use this command, or all users will be able
to use this command.
If both files exist then
/etc/cron.allow
takes precedence. Which means that
/etc/cron.deny
is not considered and your user must be listed in
/etc/cron.allow
in order to be able to use the crontab.
Regardless of the existence of any of these files, the root administrative user is
always allowed to setup a crontab.
The files
/etc/cron.allow
and
/etc/cron.deny
, if they exist, must be either world-readable, or readable by group
crontab
. If they are not, then cron will deny access to all users until the permissions are
fixed.
There is one file for each user's crontab. Users are not allowed to edit the file
directly to ensure that only users allowed by the system to run periodic tasks can
add them, and only syntactically correct crontabs will be written. This is enforced
by having the directory writable only by the
crontab
group and configuring crontab command with the setgid bid set for that specific group.
Note:
-
Even though a given user is not listed in
cron.allow
, cron jobs can still be run as that user
-
The files
/etc/cron.allow
and
/etc/cron.deny
, if they exist, only controls administrative access to the crontab command for scheduling
and modifying cron jobs
On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule
cron
jobs. Using the
cron.allow
file to control who can run
cron
jobs enforces this policy. It is easier to manage an allow list than a deny list.
In a deny list, you could potentially add a user ID to the system and forget to add
it to the deny files.
- IF -
cron is installed on the system:
Run the following script to:
-
Create
/etc/cron.allow
if it doesn't exist
-
Change owner to user
root
-
Change group owner to group
root- OR -
group
crontab
if it exists
-
Change mode to
640
or more restrictive
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
[ ! -e "/etc/cron.deny" ] && touch /etc/cron.allow
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/cron.allow
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*crontab\:' /etc/group; then
chown root:crontab /etc/cron.allow
else
chown root:root /etc/cron.allow
fi
}
- IF -/etc/cron.deny
exists, run the following script to:
-
Change owner to user
root
-
Change group owner to group
root- OR -
group
crontab
if it exists
-
Change mode to
640
or more restrictive
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
if [ -e "/etc/cron.deny" ]; then
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/cron.deny
if grep -Pq -- '^\h*crontab\:' /etc/group; then
chown root:crontab /etc/cron.deny
else
chown root:root /etc/cron.deny
fi
fi
}
Note:
On systems where cron is configured to use the group
crontab
, if the group
crontab
is not set as the owner of
cron.allow
, then cron will deny access to all users and you will see an error similar to:
You (<USERNAME>) are not allowed to use this program (crontab)
See crontab(1) for more information
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
cron |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
136ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
3.0pl1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_crontab_access_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- * Reasons for audit failure *
- - File: "/etc/cron.allow" does not exist
- * Correctly configured: *
- - File: "/etc/cron.deny" does not exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.1.9_Ensure_access_to_crontab_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894177"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894177">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894177"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cron' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>cron</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3.0pl1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:3.0pl1-136ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894179"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894179">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894179"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'cronie' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894181_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_crontab_access_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_crontab_access_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_crontab_access_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> * Reasons for audit failure *</l>
<l> - File: "/etc/cron.allow" does not exist</l>
<l/>
<l> * Correctly configured: *</l>
<l> - File: "/etc/cron.deny" does not exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_crontab_access_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> * Reasons for audit failure *</li>
<li> - File: "/etc/cron.allow" does not exist</li>
<li/>
<li> * Correctly configured: *</li>
<li> - File: "/etc/cron.deny" does not exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
2.4.2 Configure at
at
is a command-line utility used to schedule a job for later execution
Note:
if at
is not installed on the system, this section can be skipped
Pass2.4.2.1 Ensure access to at is configured
Description:
at
allows fairly complex time specifications, extending the POSIX.2 standard. It accepts
times of the form HH:MM to run a job at a specific time of day. (If that time is already
past, the next day is assumed.) You may also specify midnight, noon, or teatime (4pm)
and you can have a time-of-day suffixed with AM or PM for running in the morning or
the evening. You can also say what day the job will be run, by giving a date in the
form month-name day with an optional year, or giving a date of the form MMDD[CC]YY,
MM/DD/[CC]YY, DD.MM.[CC]YY or [CC]YY-MM-DD. The specification of a date must follow
the specification of the time of day. You can also give times like now + count time-units,
where the time-units can be minutes, hours, days, or weeks and you can tell at to
run the job today by suffixing the time with today and to run the job tomorrow by
suffixing the time with tomorrow.
The
/etc/at.allow
and
/etc/at.deny
files determine which user can submit commands for later execution via at or batch.
The format of the files is a list of usernames, one on each line. Whitespace is not
permitted. If the file
/etc/at.allow
exists, only usernames mentioned in it are allowed to use at. If
/etc/at.allow
does not exist,
/etc/at.deny
is checked, every username not mentioned in it is then allowed to use at. An empty
/etc/at.deny
means that every user may use at. If neither file exists, only the superuser is allowed
to use at.
On many systems, only the system administrator is authorized to schedule
at
jobs. Using the
at.allow
file to control who can run
at
jobs enforces this policy. It is easier to manage an allow list than a deny list.
In a deny list, you could potentially add a user ID to the system and forget to add
it to the deny files.
- IF -
at is installed on the system:
Run the following script to:
- /etc/at.allow
:
- Create the file if it doesn't exist
-
Change owner or user
root
-
If group
daemon
exists, change to group
daemon
, else change group to
root
-
Change mode to
640
or more restrictive
- - IF -/etc/at.deny
exists:
-
Change owner or user
root
-
If group
daemon
exists, change to group
daemon
, else change group to
root
-
Change mode to
640
or more restrictive
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
grep -Pq -- '^daemon\b' /etc/group && l_group="daemon" || l_group="root"
[ ! -e "/etc/at.allow" ] && touch /etc/at.allow
chown root:"$l_group" /etc/at.allow
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/at.allow
[ -e "/etc/at.deny" ] && chown root:"$l_group" /etc/at.deny
[ -e "/etc/at.deny" ] && chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/at.deny
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/at.allow exists and unknown test |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'at' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_2.4.2.1_Ensure_access_to_at_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894184"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894184">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894184"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/at.allow exists and unknown test</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894185"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894185">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894185"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'at' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894187_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894189_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894190_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/at.allow" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894192_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894194_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894196_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/at.deny" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
3 Network
This section provides guidance on for securing the network configuration of the system
3.1 Configure Network Devices
To reduce the attack surface of a system, unused devices should be disabled.
Note:
This should not be considered a comprehensive list, you may wish to consider additions
to those listed here for your environment.
Manual3.1.1 Ensure IPv6 status is identified
Description:
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of Internet Protocol
(IP). It's designed to supply IP addressing and additional security to support the
predicted growth of connected devices. IPv6 is based on 128-bit addressing and can
support 340 undecillion, which is 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
unique addresses.
Features of IPv6
- Hierarchical addressing and routing infrastructure
- Statefull and Stateless configuration
- Support for quality of service (QoS)
- An ideal protocol for neighboring node interaction
IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual stack.
It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured in accordance with Benchmark
recommendations.
- IF -
dual stack and IPv6 are not used in your environment, IPv6 may be disabled to reduce
the attack surface of the system, and recommendations pertaining to IPv6 can be skipped.
Note:
It is recommended that IPv6 be enabled and configured unless this is against local
site policy
Enable or disable IPv6 in accordance with system requirements and local site policy
Impact:
IETF RFC 4038 recommends that applications are built with an assumption of dual stack.
When enabled, IPv6 will require additional configuration to reduce risk to the system.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - IPv6 is enabled on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.1_Ensure_IPv6_status_is_identified"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.1.3 Ensure bluetooth services are not in use
Description:
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging
data between devices over short distances. It employs UHF radio waves in the ISM bands,
from 2.402 GHz to 2.48 GHz. It is mainly used as an alternative to wire connections.
An attacker may be able to find a way to access or corrupt your data. One example
of this type of activity is
bluesnarfing
, which refers to attackers using a Bluetooth connection to steal information off
of your Bluetooth device. Also, viruses or other malicious code can take advantage
of Bluetooth technology to infect other devices. If you are infected, your data may
be corrupted, compromised, stolen, or lost.
Run the following commands to stop
bluetooth.service
, and remove the
bluez
package:
# systemctl stop bluetooth.service
# apt purge bluez
- OR -
- IF -
the
bluez
package is required as a dependency:
Run the following commands to stop and mask
bluetooth.service
:
# systemctl stop bluetooth.service
# systemctl mask bluetooth.service
Note:
A reboot may be required
Impact:
Many personal electronic devices (PEDs) use Bluetooth technology. For example, you
may be able to operate your computer with a wireless keyboard. Disabling Bluetooth
will prevent these devices from connecting to the system.
There may be packages that are dependent on the
bluez
package. If the
bluez
package is removed, these dependent packages will be removed as well. Before removing
the
bluez
package, review any dependent packages to determine if they are required on the system.
-IF-
a dependent package is required: stop and mask
bluetooth.service
leaving the
bluez
package installed.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
bluetooth.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
bluetooth.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'bluez' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
bluez |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
0ubuntu3.9 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
5.53 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:5.53-0ubuntu3.9 |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.1.3_Ensure_bluetooth_services_are_not_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.cisa.gov/tips/st05-015</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893562"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893562_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893562"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893562">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893562"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>bluetooth.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893569"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893569_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893569"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893569">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893569"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'bluetooth.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>bluetooth.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893576"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893576">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893576"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'bluez' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>bluez</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0ubuntu3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>5.53</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:5.53-0ubuntu3.9</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://www.cisa.gov/tips/st05-015
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
3.2 Configure Network Kernel Modules
The Linux kernel modules support several network protocols that are not commonly used.
If these protocols are not needed, it is recommended that they be disabled in the
kernel.
Note:
This should not be considered a comprehensive list of uncommon network protocols,
you may wish to consider additions to those listed here for your environment.
Fail3.2.1 Ensure dccp kernel module is not available
Description:
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) is a transport layer protocol that
supports streaming media and telephony. DCCP provides a way to gain access to congestion
control, without having to do it at the application layer, but does not provide in-sequence
delivery.
- IF -
the protocol is not required, it is recommended that the drivers not be installed
to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following to unload and disable the
dccp
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
dccp
kernel module:
# modprobe -r dccp 2>/dev/null
# rmmod dccp 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
dccp
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install dccp /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install dccp /bin/false" >> dccp.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist dccp
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist dccp" >> dccp.conf
Optional remediation script:
This script will perform the above remediation as required by the system
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output2=() a_output3=() l_dl="" l_mod_name="dccp" l_mod_type="net"
l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /usr/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type || readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type)"
f_module_fix()
{
l_dl="y" a_showconfig=()
while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do
a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")
done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b')
if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_chk_name" &> /dev/null; then
a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
modprobe -r "$l_mod_chk_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\h+(\/usr)?\/bin\/(true|false)\b'
<<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then
a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"$(readlink -f /bin/false)\"")
printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_chk_name $(readlink -f /bin/false)" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}";
then
a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_chk_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
}
for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system
if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}")"
]; then
a_output3+=(" - \"$l_mod_base_directory\"")
l_mod_chk_name="$l_mod_name"
[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_chk_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix
else
printf '%s\n' " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""
fi
done
[ "${#a_output3[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " -- INFO --" " - module: \"$l_mod_name\"
exists in:" "${a_output3[@]}"
[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}" || printf '%s\n'
"" " - No changes needed"
printf '%s\n' "" " - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete" ""
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "dccp" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"
- - module: "dccp" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "dccp" is loadable
- - kernel module: "dccp" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "dccp" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.1_Ensure_dccp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893587_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "dccp" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l> - module: "dccp" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "dccp" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "dccp" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "dccp" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "dccp" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li> - module: "dccp" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "dccp" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "dccp" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "dccp" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.2.2 Ensure tipc kernel module is not available
Description:
The Transparent Inter-Process Communication (TIPC) protocol is designed to provide
communication between cluster nodes.
- IF -
the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded,
disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following to unload and disable the
tipc
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
tipc
kernel module:
# modprobe -r tipc 2>/dev/null
# rmmod tipc 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
tipc
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install tipc /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install tipc /bin/false" >> tipc.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist tipc
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist tipc" >> tipc.conf
Optional remediation script:
This script will perform the above remediation as required by the system
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output2=() a_output3=() l_dl="" l_mod_name="tipc" l_mod_type="net"
l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /usr/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type || readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type)"
f_module_fix()
{
l_dl="y" a_showconfig=()
while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do
a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")
done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b')
if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_chk_name" &> /dev/null; then
a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
modprobe -r "$l_mod_chk_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\h+(\/usr)?\/bin\/(true|false)\b'
<<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then
a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"$(readlink -f /bin/false)\"")
printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_chk_name $(readlink -f /bin/false)" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}";
then
a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_chk_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
}
for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system
if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}")"
]; then
a_output3+=(" - \"$l_mod_base_directory\"")
l_mod_chk_name="$l_mod_name"
[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_chk_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix
else
printf '%s\n' " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""
fi
done
[ "${#a_output3[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " -- INFO --" " - module: \"$l_mod_name\"
exists in:" "${a_output3[@]}"
[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}" || printf '%s\n'
"" " - No changes needed"
printf '%s\n' "" " - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete" ""
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "tipc" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"
- - module: "tipc" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "tipc" is loadable
- - kernel module: "tipc" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "tipc" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.2_Ensure_tipc_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893596_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "tipc" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l> - module: "tipc" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "tipc" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "tipc" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "tipc" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "tipc" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li> - module: "tipc" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "tipc" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "tipc" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "tipc" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.2.3 Ensure rds kernel module is not available
Description:
The Reliable Datagram Sockets (RDS) protocol is a transport layer protocol designed
to provide low-latency, high-bandwidth communications between cluster nodes. It was
developed by the Oracle Corporation.
- IF -
the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded,
disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following to unload and disable the
rds
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
rds
kernel module:
# modprobe -r rds 2>/dev/null
# rmmod rds 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
rds
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install rds /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install rds /bin/false" >> rds.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist rds
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist rds" >> rds.conf
Optional remediation script:
This script will perform the above remediation as required by the system
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output2=() a_output3=() l_dl="" l_mod_name="rds" l_mod_type="net"
l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /usr/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type || readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type)"
f_module_fix()
{
l_dl="y" a_showconfig=()
while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do
a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")
done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b')
if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_chk_name" &> /dev/null; then
a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
modprobe -r "$l_mod_chk_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\h+(\/usr)?\/bin\/(true|false)\b'
<<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then
a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"$(readlink -f /bin/false)\"")
printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_chk_name $(readlink -f /bin/false)" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}";
then
a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_chk_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
}
for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system
if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}")"
]; then
a_output3+=(" - \"$l_mod_base_directory\"")
l_mod_chk_name="$l_mod_name"
[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_chk_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix
else
printf '%s\n' " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""
fi
done
[ "${#a_output3[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " -- INFO --" " - module: \"$l_mod_name\"
exists in:" "${a_output3[@]}"
[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}" || printf '%s\n'
"" " - No changes needed"
printf '%s\n' "" " - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete" ""
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "rds" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"
- - module: "rds" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "rds" is loadable
- - kernel module: "rds" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "rds" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.3_Ensure_rds_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893605_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "rds" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l> - module: "rds" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "rds" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "rds" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "rds" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "rds" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li> - module: "rds" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "rds" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "rds" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "rds" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.2.4 Ensure sctp kernel module is not available
Description:
The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a transport layer protocol used
to support message oriented communication, with several streams of messages in one
connection. It serves a similar function as TCP and UDP, incorporating features of
both. It is message-oriented like UDP, and ensures reliable in-sequence transport
of messages with congestion control like TCP.
- IF -
the protocol is not being used, it is recommended that kernel module not be loaded,
disabling the service to reduce the potential attack surface.
Run the following to unload and disable the
sctp
kernel module. This can also be done by running the script included below.
Run the following commands to unload the
sctp
kernel module:
# modprobe -r sctp 2>/dev/null
# rmmod sctp 2>/dev/null
Perform the following to disable the
sctp
kernel module:
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
install sctp /bin/false
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "install sctp /bin/false" >> sctp.conf
Create a file ending in
.conf
with
blacklist sctp
in the
/etc/modprobe.d/
directory
Example:
# printf '\n%s\n' "blacklist sctp" >> sctp.conf
Optional remediation script:
This script will perform the above remediation as required by the system
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output2=() a_output3=() l_dl="" l_mod_name="sctp" l_mod_type="net"
l_mod_path="$(readlink -f /usr/lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type || readlink -f /lib/modules/**/kernel/$l_mod_type)"
f_module_fix()
{
l_dl="y" a_showconfig=()
while IFS= read -r l_showconfig; do
a_showconfig+=("$l_showconfig")
done < <(modprobe --showconfig | grep -P -- '\b(install|blacklist)\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b')
if lsmod | grep "$l_mod_chk_name" &> /dev/null; then
a_output2+=(" - unloading kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
modprobe -r "$l_mod_chk_name" 2>/dev/null; rmmod "$l_mod_name" 2>/dev/null
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\binstall\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\h+(\/usr)?\/bin\/(true|false)\b'
<<< "${a_showconfig[*]}"; then
a_output2+=(" - setting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" to \"$(readlink -f /bin/false)\"")
printf '%s\n' "install $l_mod_chk_name $(readlink -f /bin/false)" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
if ! grep -Pq -- '\bblacklist\h+'"${l_mod_chk_name//-/_}"'\b' <<< "${a_showconfig[*]}";
then
a_output2+=(" - denylisting kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\"")
printf '%s\n' "blacklist $l_mod_chk_name" >> /etc/modprobe.d/"$l_mod_name".conf
fi
}
for l_mod_base_directory in $l_mod_path; do # Check if the module exists on the system
if [ -d "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}" ] && [ -n "$(ls -A "$l_mod_base_directory/${l_mod_name/-/\/}")"
]; then
a_output3+=(" - \"$l_mod_base_directory\"")
l_mod_chk_name="$l_mod_name"
[[ "$l_mod_name" =~ overlay ]] && l_mod_chk_name="${l_mod_name::-2}"
[ "$l_dl" != "y" ] && f_module_fix
else
printf '%s\n' " - kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" doesn't exist in \"$l_mod_base_directory\""
fi
done
[ "${#a_output3[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " -- INFO --" " - module: \"$l_mod_name\"
exists in:" "${a_output3[@]}"
[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}" || printf '%s\n'
"" " - No changes needed"
printf '%s\n' "" " - remediation of kernel module: \"$l_mod_name\" complete" ""
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- -- INFO --
- - module: "sctp" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"
- - module: "sctp" exists in:
- "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - kernel module: "sctp" is loadable
- - kernel module: "sctp" is not deny listed
- - Correctly set:
- - kernel module: "sctp" is not loaded
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.2.4_Ensure_sctp_kernel_module_is_not_available"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230496</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230496r942924</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893615_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l> - module: "sctp" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l> - module: "sctp" exists in:</l>
<l> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "sctp" is loadable</l>
<l> - kernel module: "sctp" is not deny listed</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - kernel module: "sctp" is not loaded</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_module_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li> - module: "sctp" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-139-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li> - module: "sctp" exists in:</li>
<li> "/usr/lib/modules/5.15.0-67-generic/kernel/net"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "sctp" is loadable</li>
<li> - kernel module: "sctp" is not deny listed</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - kernel module: "sctp" is not loaded</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SI-4, CM-7
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-7.1 (ii)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230496
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230496r942924
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
3.3 Configure Network Kernel Parameters
The following network parameters are intended for use on both host only and router
systems. A system acts as a router if it has at least two interfaces and is configured
to perform routing functions.
Note:
-
sysctl settings are defined through files in
/usr/local/lib
, /usr/lib/
, /lib/
, /run/
, and
/etc/
-
Files are typically placed in the
sysctl.d
directory within the parent directory
-
The paths where sysctl preload files usually exist
- /run/sysctl.d/*.conf
- /etc/sysctl.d/*.conf
- /usr/local/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
- /usr/lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
- /lib/sysctl.d/*.conf
- /etc/sysctl.conf
-
Files must have the "
.conf
" extension
-
Vendors settings usually live in
/usr/lib/
or /usr/local/lib/
-
To override a whole file, create a new file with the same name in
/etc/sysctl.d/
and put new settings there.
-
To override only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later name in
/etc/sysctl.d/
and put new settings there.
-
The command
/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config
produces output containing The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're
configured in:
- Entries listed latter in the file take precedence over the same settings listed earlier
in the file
- Files containing kernel parameters that are over-ridden by other files with the same
name will not be listed
- On systems running UncomplicatedFirewall, the kernel parameters may be set or over-written.
This will not be visible in the output of the command
-
On systems with Uncomplicated Firewall, additional settings may be configured in
/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
-
The settings in
/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
will override settings other settings and
will not
be visible in the output of the
/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config
command
-
This behavior can be changed by updating the
IPT_SYSCTL
parameter in
/etc/default/ufw
The system's loaded kernel parameters and the files they're configured in can be viewed
by running the following command:
# /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-sysctl --cat-config
Fail3.3.1 Ensure ip forwarding is disabled
Description:
The net.ipv4.ip_forward
and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding
flags are used to tell the system whether it can forward packets or not.
Setting
net.ipv4.ip_forward
and net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding
to 0
ensures that a system with multiple interfaces (for example, a hard proxy), will never
be able to forward packets, and therefore, never serve as a router.
Set the following parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
- IF -
IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Impact:
IP forwarding is required on systems configured to act as a router. If these parameters
are disabled, the system will not be able to perform as a router.
Many Cloud Service Provider (CSP) hosted systems require IP forwarding to be enabled.
If the system is running on a CSP platform, this requirement should be reviewed before
disabling IP forwarding.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.ip_forward" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure
***
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.ip_forward"
- correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" May be set in a file that's ignored by
load procedure ***
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding"
- correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.1_Ensure_ip_forwarding_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230540</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230540r858810</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893626_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.ip_forward" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.ip_forward"</l>
<l> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.ip_forward" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.ip_forward" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.ip_forward"</li>
<li> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893632_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding"</l>
<l> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding"</li>
<li> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230540
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230540r858810
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.3.2 Ensure packet redirect sending is disabled
Description:
ICMP Redirects are used to send routing information to other hosts. As a host itself
does not act as a router (in a host only configuration), there is no need to send
redirects.
An attacker could use a compromised host to send invalid ICMP redirects to other router
devices in an attempt to corrupt routing and have users access a system set up by
the attacker as opposed to a valid system.
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
- net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects
= 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Impact:
IP forwarding is required on systems configured to act as a router. If these parameters
are disabled, the system will not be able to perform as a router.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored
by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored
by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.2_Ensure_packet_redirect_sending_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230536</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230536r858795</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230543</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230543r858816</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893641_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893647_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230536
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230536r858795
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230543
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230543r858816
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass3.3.3 Ensure bogus icmp responses are ignored
Description:
Setting
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses
to 1
prevents the kernel from logging bogus responses (RFC-1122 non-compliant) from broadcast
reframes, keeping file systems from filling up with useless log messages.
Some routers (and some attackers) will send responses that violate RFC-1122 and attempt
to fill up a log file system with many useless error messages.
Set the following parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses"
- correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
- - Parameter: "net/ipv4/icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses"
- correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.3_Ensure_bogus_icmp_responses_are_ignored"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893655_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses"</l>
<l> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses"</l>
<l> correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses"</li>
<li> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses"</li>
<li> correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass3.3.4 Ensure broadcast icmp requests are ignored
Description:
Setting
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts
to 1
will cause the system to ignore all ICMP echo and timestamp requests to broadcast
and multicast addresses.
Accepting ICMP echo and timestamp requests with broadcast or multicast destinations
for your network could be used to trick your host into starting (or participating)
in a Smurf attack. A Smurf attack relies on an attacker sending large amounts of ICMP
broadcast messages with a spoofed source address. All hosts receiving this message
and responding would send echo-reply messages back to the spoofed address, which is
probably not routable. If many hosts respond to the packets, the amount of traffic
on the network could be significantly multiplied.
Set the following parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts"
- correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
- - Parameter: "net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts"
- correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.4_Ensure_broadcast_icmp_requests_are_ignored"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230537</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230537r858797</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893663_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts"</l>
<l> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts"</l>
<l> correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts"</li>
<li> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts"</li>
<li> correctly set to: "1" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230537
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230537r858797
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.3.5 Ensure icmp redirects are not accepted
Description:
ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host
(acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing
an outside routing device to update your system routing tables.
ICMP redirect messages are packets that convey routing information and tell your host
(acting as a router) to send packets via an alternate path. It is a way of allowing
an outside routing device to update your system routing tables. By setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects
, net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects
, net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects
, and
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects
to 0
, the system will not accept any ICMP redirect messages, and therefore, won't allow
outsiders to update the system's routing tables.
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects
= 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
- IF -
IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
- net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects
= 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_redirects"
- correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/default/accept_redirects"
- correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_redirects"
- correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net/ipv6/conf/default/accept_redirects"
- correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.5_Ensure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.552+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230535</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230535r858793</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230544</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230544r858820</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230550</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230550r627750</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230553</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230553r809324</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893672_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_redirects"</l>
<l> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_redirects"</li>
<li> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893679_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/default/accept_redirects"</l>
<l> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/default/accept_redirects"</li>
<li> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893683_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_redirects"</l>
<l> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv6/conf/all/accept_redirects"</li>
<li> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893690_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv6/conf/default/accept_redirects"</l>
<l> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv6/conf/default/accept_redirects"</li>
<li> correctly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230535
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230535r858793
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230544
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230544r858820
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230550
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230550r627750
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230553
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230553r809324
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.3.6 Ensure secure icmp redirects are not accepted
Description:
Secure ICMP redirects are the same as ICMP redirects, except they come from gateways
listed on the default gateway list. It is assumed that these gateways are known to
your system, and that they are likely to be secure.
It is still possible for even known gateways to be compromised. Setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects
and net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects
to 0
protects the system from routing table updates by possibly compromised known gateways.
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
- net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects
= 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored
by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is not set in an included
file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored
by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.6_Ensure_secure_icmp_redirects_are_not_accepted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893698_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893704_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.3.7 Ensure reverse path filtering is enabled
Description:
Setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter
and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter
to 1
forces the Linux kernel to utilize reverse path filtering on a received packet to
determine if the packet was valid. Essentially, with reverse path filtering, if the
return packet does not go out the same interface that the corresponding source packet
came from, the packet is dropped (and logged if
log_martians
is set).
Setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter
and net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter
to 1
is a good way to deter attackers from sending your system bogus packets that cannot
be responded to. One instance where this feature breaks down is if asymmetrical routing
is employed. This would occur when using dynamic routing protocols (bgp, ospf, etc)
on your system. If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not
be able to enable this feature without breaking the routing.
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
- net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter
= 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Impact:
If you are using asymmetrical routing on your system, you will not be able to enable
this feature without breaking the routing.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter"
- is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "1"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter"
- incorrectly set to: "2" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-network-security.conf"
- Should be set to: "1"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter"
- is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "1"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter"
- incorrectly set to: "2" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-network-security.conf"
- Should be set to: "1"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.7_Ensure_reverse_path_filtering_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230549</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230549r858830</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893711_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter"</l>
<l> incorrectly set to: "2" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-network-security.conf"</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter"</li>
<li> incorrectly set to: "2" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-network-security.conf"</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893716_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter"</l>
<l> incorrectly set to: "2" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-network-security.conf"</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "2" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter"</li>
<li> incorrectly set to: "2" in the file: "/etc/sysctl.d/10-network-security.conf"</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230549
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230549r858830
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.3.8 Ensure source routed packets are not accepted
Description:
In networking, source routing allows a sender to partially or fully specify the route
packets take through a network. In contrast, non-source routed packets travel a path
determined by routers in the network. In some cases, systems may not be routable or
reachable from some locations (e.g. private addresses vs. Internet routable), and
so source routed packets would need to be used.
Setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route
, net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route
, net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route
and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route
to 0
disables the system from accepting source routed packets. Assume this system was capable
of routing packets to Internet routable addresses on one interface and private addresses
on another interface. Assume that the private addresses were not routable to the Internet
routable addresses and vice versa. Under normal routing circumstances, an attacker
from the Internet routable addresses could not use the system as a way to reach the
private address systems. If, however, source routed packets were allowed, they could
be used to gain access to the private address systems as the route could be specified,
rather than rely on routing protocols that did not allow this routing.
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0" "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route
= 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
- IF -
IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
- net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route
= 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following command to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored
by load procedure ***
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route"
- correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included
file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's
ignored by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored
by load procedure ***
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route"
- correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included
file
- *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's
ignored by load procedure ***
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route"
- correctly set to "0" in the running configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.8_Ensure_source_routed_packets_are_not_accepted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230538</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230538r858801</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230539</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230539r861085</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230541</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230541r858812</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230542</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230542r858814</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893725_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route"</l>
<l> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route"</li>
<li> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893730_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893735_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route"</l>
<l> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route"</li>
<li> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893742_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route"</l>
<l> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route"</li>
<li> correctly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230538
- URL: REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230538r858801
- URL: REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230539
- URL: REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230539r861085
- URL: REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230541
- URL: REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230541r858812
- URL: REHL 8 STIG GROUP ID: V-230542
- URL: REHL 8 STIG RULE ID: SV-230542r858814
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.3.9 Ensure suspicious packets are logged
Description:
When enabled, this feature logs packets with un-routable source addresses to the kernel
log.
Setting
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians
and net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians
to 1
enables this feature. Logging these packets allows an administrator to investigate
the possibility that an attacker is sending spoofed packets to their system.
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
- net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1" "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians
= 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians"
- is incorrectly set to "0" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "1"
- - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/all/log_martians"
- incorrectly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
- Should be set to: "1"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians"
- is incorrectly set to "0" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "1"
- - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/default/log_martians"
- incorrectly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"
- Should be set to: "1"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.9_Ensure_suspicious_packets_are_logged"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893751_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/all/log_martians"</l>
<l> incorrectly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/all/log_martians"</li>
<li> incorrectly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893757_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "0" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/default/log_martians"</l>
<l> incorrectly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</l>
<l> Should be set to: "1"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "0" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net/ipv4/conf/default/log_martians"</li>
<li> incorrectly set to: "0" in the file: "/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf"</li>
<li> Should be set to: "1"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail3.3.10 Ensure tcp syn cookies is enabled
Description:
When tcp_syncookies
is set, the kernel will handle TCP SYN packets normally until the half-open connection
queue is full, at which time, the SYN cookie functionality kicks in. SYN cookies work
by not using the SYN queue at all. Instead, the kernel simply replies to the SYN with
a SYN/ACK, but will include a specially crafted TCP sequence number that encodes the
source and destination IP address and port number and the time the packet was sent.
A legitimate connection would send the ACK packet of the three way handshake with
the specially crafted sequence number. This allows the system to verify that it has
received a valid response to a SYN cookie and allow the connection, even though there
is no corresponding SYN in the queue.
Attackers use SYN flood attacks to perform a denial of service attacked on a system
by sending many SYN packets without completing the three way handshake. This will
quickly use up slots in the kernel's half-open connection queue and prevent legitimate
connections from succeeding. Setting
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies
to 1
enables SYN cookies, allowing the system to keep accepting valid connections, even
if under a denial of service attack.
Set the following parameter in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv4_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies=1
sysctl -w net.ipv4.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" May be set in a file that's ignored by load
procedure ***
- - Correctly set:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies"
- correctly set to "1" in the running configuration
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.10_Ensure_tcp_syn_cookies_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010412 | Rule ID: SV-238333r958528 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-253010 | Rule ID: SV-260522r958528 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893760_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
<l/>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies"</l>
<l> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
<li/>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies"</li>
<li> correctly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010412 | Rule ID: SV-238333r958528 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-253010 | Rule ID: SV-260522r958528 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail3.3.11 Ensure ipv6 router advertisements are not accepted
Description:
Routers periodically multicast Router Advertisement messages to announce their availability
and convey information to neighboring nodes that enable them to be automatically configured
on the network.
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra
and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra
determine the systems ability to accept these advertisements
It is recommended that systems do not accept router advertisements as they could be
tricked into routing traffic to compromised machines. Setting hard routes within the
system (usually a single default route to a trusted router) protects the system from
bad routes. Setting
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra
and net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra
to 0
disables the system's ability to accept IPv6 router advertisements.
- IF -
IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Set the following parameters in
/etc/sysctl.conf
or a file in
/etc/sysctl.d/
ending in
.conf
:
- net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0
- net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra = 0
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra = 0" "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra
= 0" >> /etc/sysctl.d/60-netipv6_sysctl.conf
Run the following script to set the active kernel parameters:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra=0
sysctl -w net.ipv6.route.flush=1
}
Note:
If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, these
settings will be overwritten
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" May be set in a file that's ignored by load
procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra"
- is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration
- Should be set to: "0"
- - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" May be set in a file that's ignored
by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_3.3.11_Ensure_ipv6_router_advertisements_are_not_accepted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230541</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230541r858812</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230542</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230542r858814</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893768_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_ra" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893775_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra"</l>
<l> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</l>
<l> Should be set to: "0"</l>
<l> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_kernel_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra"</li>
<li> is incorrectly set to "1" in the running configuration</li>
<li> Should be set to: "0"</li>
<li> - Parameter: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 :: CM-6 b
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230541
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230541r858812
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Vul ID: V-230542
- URL: RHEL 8 STIG Rule ID: SV-230542r858814
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
4 Host Based Firewall
A firewall is a set of rules. When a data packet moves into or out of a protected
network space, its contents (in particular, information about its origin, target,
and the protocol it plans to use) are tested against the firewall rules to see if
it should be allowed through
To provide a Host Based Firewall, the Linux kernel includes support for:
- Netfilter
- A set of hooks inside the Linux kernel that allows kernel modules to register callback
functions with the network stack. A registered callback function is then called back
for every packet that traverses the respective hook within the network stack. Includes
the ip_tables, ip6_tables, arp_tables, and ebtables kernel modules. These modules
are some of the significant parts of the Netfilter hook system.
- nftables
- A subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network
packets/datagrams/frames. nftables is supposed to replace certain parts of Netfilter,
while keeping and reusing most of it. nftables utilizes the building blocks of the
Netfilter infrastructure, such as the existing hooks into the networking stack, connection
tracking system, userspace queueing component, and logging subsystem.
Is available in Linux kernels 3.13 and newer
.
In order to configure firewall rules for Netfilter or nftables, a firewall utility
needs to be installed. Guidance has been included for the following firewall utilities:
-
UncomplicatedFirewall (
ufw
) - Provides firewall features by acting as a front-end for the Linux kernel's netfilter
framework via the iptables backend.
ufw
supports both IPv4 and IPv6 networks
- nftables
- Includes the nft utility for configuration of the nftables subsystem of the Linux
kernel
- iptables
- Includes the iptables, ip6tables, arptables and ebtables utilities for configuration
Netfilter and the ip_tables, ip6_tables, arp_tables, and ebtables kernel modules.
Notes:
-
Only one
method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of more than one
method could produce unexpected results
- This section is intended only to ensure the resulting firewall rules are in place,
not how they are configured
4.1 Configure a single firewall utility
Only one method should be used to configure a firewall on the system. Use of more
than one method could produce unexpected results.
This section ensures that only one firewall is in use on the system and provides guidance
to the subsequent subsection that should be followed for a single firewall utility
configuration.
Pass4.1.1 Ensure a single firewall configuration utility is in use
Description:
In Linux security, employing a single, effective firewall configuration utility ensures
that only legitimate traffic gets processed, reducing the system’s exposure to potential
threats. The choice between
ufw
, nftables
, and
iptables
depends on organizational needs.
Note:iptables
is being phased out, and support for
iptables
will be reduced over time. It is recommended to transition towards either
nftables
or ufw
as the default firewall management tool.
Proper configuration of a single firewall utility minimizes cyber threats and protects
services and data, while avoiding vulnerabilities like open ports or exposed services.
Standardizing on a single tool simplifies management, reduces errors, and fortifies
security across Linux systems.
Remediating to a single firewall configuration is a complex process and involves several
steps. The following provides the basic steps to follow for a single firewall configuration:
-
Determine which firewall utility best fits organizational needs
-
Follow the recommendations in the subsequent subsection for the single firewall to
be used
Note:
Review the firewall subsection overview for the selected firewall to be used, it contains
a script to
simplify this process.
-
Return to this recommendation to ensure a single firewall configuration utility is
in use
Impact:
The use of more than one firewall utility may produce unexpected results.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_single_firewall_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- Audit Results:
- ** PASS **
- - A single firewall is in use follow the recommendation in ufw subsection ONLY
|
| Errors: |
- Failed to get unit file state for iptables.service: No such file or directory
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.1.1_Ensure_a_single_firewall_configuration_utility_is_in_use"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://wiki.debian.org/DebianFirewall</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UncomplicatedFirewall</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://assets.ubuntu.com/v1/544d9904-ubuntu-server-guide-2024-01-22.pdf</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/debian-reference.en.pdf</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_single_firewall_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_single_firewall_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_single_firewall_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l> Audit Results:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - A single firewall is in use follow the recommendation in ufw subsection ONLY</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>Failed to get unit file state for iptables.service: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_single_firewall_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> Audit Results:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - A single firewall is in use follow the recommendation in ufw subsection ONLY</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Failed to get unit file state for iptables.service: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://wiki.debian.org/DebianFirewall
- URL: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UncomplicatedFirewall
- URL: https://assets.ubuntu.com/v1/544d9904-ubuntu-server-guide-2024-01-22.pdf
- URL: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/debian-reference.en.pdf
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
4.2 Configure UncomplicatedFirewall
If nftables or iptables are being used in your environment, please follow the guidance
in their respective section and pass-over the guidance in this section.
Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) is a program for managing a netfilter firewall designed
to be easy to use.
- Uses a command-line interface consisting of a small number of simple commands
- Uses iptables for configuration
- Rules are processed until first matching rule. The first matching rule will be applied.
Notes:
- Configuration of a live system's firewall directly over a remote connection will often
result in being locked out
-
Rules should be ordered so that
ALLOW
rules come before
DENY
rules.
Pass4.2.1 Ensure ufw is installed
Description:
The Uncomplicated Firewall (ufw) is a frontend for iptables and is particularly well-suited
for host-based firewalls. ufw provides a framework for managing netfilter, as well
as a command-line interface for manipulating the firewall
A firewall utility is required to configure the Linux kernel's netfilter framework
via the iptables or nftables back-end.
The Linux kernel's netfilter framework host-based firewall can protect against threats
originating from within a corporate network to include malicious mobile code and poorly
configured software on a host.
Note:
Only one firewall utility should be installed and configured.
UFW
is dependent on the iptables package
Run the following command to install Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW):
# apt install ufw
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'ufw' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
ufw |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
all |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
6ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
0.36 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:0.36-6ubuntu1 |
| Script: |
sce/no_ufw.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.1_Ensure_ufw_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893567"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893567">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893567"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'ufw' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ufw</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>6ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:0.36-6ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/no_ufw.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/no_ufw.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/no_ufw.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/no_ufw.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass4.2.2 Ensure nftables is not in use with ufw
Description:
nftables
is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network
packets/datagrams/frames and is the successor to iptables.
Running both
ufw
and nftables
may lead to conflict.
Run the following command to remove
nftables
:
# apt purge nftables
- OR -
Run the following commands to stop and mask
nftables.service
:
# systemctl stop nftables.service
# systemctl mask nftables.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nftables.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nftables.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.2_Ensure_nftables_is_not_in_use_with_ufw"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893595"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893595_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893595"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893595">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893595"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nftables.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893600"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893600_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893600"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893600">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893600"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nftables.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893582"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893582">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893582"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass4.2.3 Ensure iptables-persistent is not installed with ufw
Description:
The iptables-persistent
is a boot-time loader for netfilter rules, iptables plugin
Running both
ufw
and the services included in the iptables-persistent package may lead to conflict
Run the following command to remove the
iptables-persistent
package:
# apt purge iptables-persistent
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'iptables-persistent' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/no_ufw.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.3_Ensure_iptables-persistent_is_not_installed_with_ufw"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893610"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893610">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893610"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'iptables-persistent' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/no_ufw.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/no_ufw.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/no_ufw.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/no_ufw.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.2.4 Ensure ufw service is enabled
Description:
UncomplicatedFirewall (ufw) is a frontend for iptables. ufw provides a framework for
managing netfilter, as well as a command-line and available graphical user interface
for manipulating the firewall.
Note:
- When running ufw enable or starting ufw via its initscript, ufw will flush its chains.
This is required so ufw can maintain a consistent state, but it may drop existing
connections (eg ssh). ufw does support adding rules before enabling the firewall.
-
Run the following command before running
ufw enable
.
# ufw allow proto tcp from any to any port 22
- The rules will still be flushed, but the ssh port will be open after enabling the
firewall. Please note that once ufw is 'enabled', ufw will not flush the chains when
adding or removing rules (but will when modifying a rule or changing the default policy)
-
By default, ufw will prompt when enabling the firewall while running under ssh. This
can be disabled by using
ufw --force enable
The ufw service must be enabled and running in order for ufw to protect the system
Run the following command to unmask the
ufw
daemon:
# systemctl unmask ufw.service
Run the following command to enable and start the
ufw
daemon:
# systemctl --now enable ufw.service
active
Run the following command to enable ufw:
# ufw enable
Impact:
Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/ufw_enabled.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - UFW status is: "Status: inactive"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/no_ufw.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.4_Ensure_ufw_service_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.553+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man8/ufw.8.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010434 | Rule ID: SV-238355r958672 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-251015 | Rule ID: SV-260515r958672 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_enabled.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_enabled.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_enabled.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - UFW status is: "Status: inactive"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_enabled.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - UFW status is: "Status: inactive"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/no_ufw.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/no_ufw.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/no_ufw.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/no_ufw.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: http://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/precise/en/man8/ufw.8.html
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010434 | Rule ID: SV-238355r958672 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-251015 | Rule ID: SV-260515r958672 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.2.5 Ensure ufw loopback traffic is configured
Description:
Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces
to deny traffic to the loopback network (127.0.0.0/8 for IPv4 and ::1/128 for IPv6).
Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical
to operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback
network (127.0.0.0/8 for IPv4 and ::1/128 for IPv6) traffic should be seen, all other
interfaces should ignore traffic on this network as an anti-spoofing measure.
Run the following commands to configure the loopback interface to accept traffic:
# ufw allow in on lo
# ufw allow out on lo
Run the following commands to configure all other interfaces to deny traffic to the
loopback network:
# ufw deny in from 127.0.0.0/8
# ufw deny in from ::1
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/ufw_status.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - IPv6 is enabled on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/ufw_status.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/no_ufw.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.5_Ensure_ufw_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/en/man8/ufw-framework.8.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893646_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_status.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_status.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_status.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing ufw rule.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_status.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing ufw rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893640_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_status.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_status.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_status.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing ufw rule.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_status.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing ufw rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/no_ufw.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/no_ufw.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/no_ufw.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/no_ufw.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
- URL: https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/en/man8/ufw-framework.8.html
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual4.2.6 Ensure ufw outbound connections are configured
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound connections.
Note:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system.
- Unlike iptables, when a new outbound rule is added, ufw automatically takes care of
associated established connections, so no rules for the latter kind are required.
If rules are not in place for new outbound connections all packets will be dropped
by the default policy preventing network usage.
Configure ufw in accordance with site policy. The following commands will implement
a policy to allow all outbound connections on all interfaces:
# ufw allow out on all
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.6_Ensure_ufw_outbound_connections_are_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.2.7 Ensure ufw firewall rules exist for all open ports
Description:
Services and ports can be accepted or explicitly rejected.
Note:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- The remediation command opens up the port to traffic from all sources. Consult ufw
documentation and set any restrictions in compliance with site policy
To reduce the attack surface of a system, all services and ports should be blocked
unless required.
- Any ports that have been opened on non-loopback addresses need firewall rules to govern
traffic.
- Without a firewall rule configured for open ports, the default firewall policy will
drop all packets to these ports.
- Required ports should have a firewall rule created to allow approved connections in
accordance with local site policy.
- Unapproved ports should have an explicit deny rule created.
For each port identified in the audit which does not have a firewall rule, evaluate
the service listening on the port and add a rule for accepting or denying inbound
connections in accordance with local site policy:
Examples:
# ufw allow in <port>/<tcp or udp protocol>
# ufw deny in <port>/<tcp or udp protocol>
Note:
Examples create rules for from any, to any. More specific rules should be concentered
when allowing inbound traffic e.g only traffic from this network.
Example to allow traffic on port 443 using the tcp protocol from the 192.168.1.0 network:
ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 to any proto tcp port 443
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/ufw_open_ports_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - The following port(s) don't have a rule in UFW:
- 39205
- 49337
- 5353
- - End List
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/no_ufw.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.7_Ensure_ufw_firewall_rules_exist_for_all_open_ports"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_open_ports_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_open_ports_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_open_ports_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l>- The following port(s) don't have a rule in UFW: </l>
<l>39205</l>
<l>49337</l>
<l>5353</l>
<l>- End List</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_open_ports_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li>- The following port(s) don't have a rule in UFW: </li>
<li>39205</li>
<li>49337</li>
<li>5353</li>
<li>- End List</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/no_ufw.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/no_ufw.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/no_ufw.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/no_ufw.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.2.8 Ensure ufw default deny firewall policy
Description:
A default deny policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage will
be rejected.
Note:
Any port or protocol without a explicit allow before the default deny will be blocked
With a default accept policy the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured
to be denied. It is easier to allow list acceptable usage than to deny list unacceptable
usage.
Run the following commands to implement a default
deny
policy:
# ufw default deny incoming
# ufw default deny outgoing
# ufw default deny routed
Impact:
Any port and protocol not explicitly allowed will be blocked. The following rules
should be considered before applying the default deny.
ufw allow out http
ufw allow out https
ufw allow out ntp # Network Time Protocol
ufw allow out to any port 53 # DNS
ufw allow out to any port 853 # DNS over TLS
ufw logging on
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/ufw_status.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/ufw_status.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/ufw_status.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/no_ufw.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.2.8_Ensure_ufw_default_deny_firewall_policy"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893685_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_status.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_status.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_status.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing ufw rule.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_status.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing ufw rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893691_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_status.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_status.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_status.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing ufw rule.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_status.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing ufw rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893697_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_status.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_status.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_status.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing ufw rule.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_status.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing ufw rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/no_ufw.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/no_ufw.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/no_ufw.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/no_ufw.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Both IPTables and NFTables are not configured</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
4.3 Configure nftables
If Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) or iptables are being used in your environment, please
follow the guidance in their respective section and pass-over the guidance in this
section.
nftables
is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network
packets/datagrams/frames and is the successor to iptables. The biggest change with
the successor nftables
is its simplicity. With iptables, we have to configure every single rule and use the
syntax which can be compared with normal commands. With
nftables
, the simpler syntax, much like BPF (Berkely Packet Filter) means shorter lines and
less repetition. Support for
nftables
should also be compiled into the kernel, together with the related
nftables
modules. Please ensure that your kernel supports nf_tables before choosing this option.
Notes:
-
This section broadly assumes starting with an empty
nftables
firewall ruleset (established by flushing the rules with nft flush ruleset).
- Remediation steps included only affect the live system, you will also need to configure
your default firewall configuration to apply on boot.
- Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote connection will often
result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good firewall configuration
set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in a script that
is then run and tested before saving to boot.
The following script will implement the firewall rules of this section and open port
22(ssh) from anywhere. Opening the ports for port 22(ssh) needs to be updated in
accordance with local site policy.
Allow port 22(ssh) needs to be updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity
to connect, as per site policy
.
Save the script below as
/etc/nftables.rules
#!/sbin/nft -f
# This nftables.rules config should be saved as /etc/nftables.rules
# flush nftables rulesset
flush ruleset
# Load nftables ruleset
# nftables config with inet table named filter
table inet filter {
# Base chain for input hook named input (Filters inbound network packets)
chain input {
type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;
# Ensure loopback traffic is configured
iif "lo" accept
ip saddr 127.0.0.0/8 counter packets 0 bytes 0 drop
# If IPv6 is enabled on the system ensure IPv6 loopback traffic is configured
ip6 saddr ::1 counter packets 0 bytes 0 drop
# Ensure established connections are configured
ip protocol tcp ct state established accept
ip protocol udp ct state established accept
# Accept port 22(SSH) traffic from anywhere
tcp dport ssh accept
}
# Base chain for hook forward named forward (Filters forwarded network packets)
chain forward {
type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop;
}
# Base chain for hook output named output (Filters outbount network packets)
chain output {
type filter hook output priority 0; policy drop;
# Ensure outbound and established connections are configured
ip protocol tcp ct state established,related,new accept
ip protocol udp ct state established,related,new accept
}
}
Run the following command to load the file into nftables
# nft -f /etc/nftables.rules
All changes in the nftables subsections are temporary.
To make these changes permanent:
Run the following command to create the nftables.rules file
nft list ruleset > /etc/nftables.rules
Add the following line to
/etc/nftables.conf
include "/etc/nftables.rules"
Fail4.3.1 Ensure nftables is installed
Description:
nftables provides a new in-kernel packet classification framework that is based on
a network-specific Virtual Machine (VM) and a new nft userspace command line tool.
nftables reuses the existing Netfilter subsystems such as the existing hook infrastructure,
the connection tracking system, NAT, userspace queuing and logging subsystem.
Notes:
- nftables is available in Linux kernel 3.13 and newer
- Only one firewall utility should be installed and configured
- Changing firewall settings while connected over the network can result in being locked
out of the system
nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel that can protect against threats originating
from within a corporate network to include malicious mobile code and poorly configured
software on a host.
Run the following command to install
nftables
:
# apt install nftables
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.1_Ensure_nftables_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893712"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893712">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893712"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.3.2 Ensure ufw is uninstalled or disabled with nftables
Description:
Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) is a program for managing a netfilter firewall designed
to be easy to use.
Running both the
nftables
service and
ufw
may lead to conflict and unexpected results.
Run
one
of the following to either remove
ufwor
disable
ufw
and mask
ufw.service
:
Run the following command to remove
ufw
:
# apt purge ufw
-OR-
Run the following commands to disable
ufw
and mask
ufw.service
:
# ufw disable
# systemctl stop ufw.service
# systemctl mask ufw.service
Note:ufw disable
needs to be run before
systemctl mask ufw.service
in order to correctly disable
UFW
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'ufw' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
ufw |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
all |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
6ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
0.36 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:0.36-6ubuntu1 |
| Script: |
sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- ufw service is not masked
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.2_Ensure_ufw_is_uninstalled_or_disabled_with_nftables"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893726"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893726">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893726"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'ufw' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ufw</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>6ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:0.36-6ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> ufw service is not masked</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> ufw service is not masked</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual4.3.3 Ensure iptables are flushed with nftables
Description:
nftables is a replacement for iptables, ip6tables, ebtables and arptables
It is possible to mix iptables and nftables. However, this increases complexity and
also the chance to introduce errors. For simplicity flush out all iptables rules,
and ensure it is not loaded
Run the following commands to flush iptables:
For iptables:
# iptables -F
For ip6tables:
# ip6tables -F
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.3_Ensure_iptables_are_flushed_with_nftables"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.3.4 Ensure a nftables table exists
Description:
Tables hold chains. Each table only has one address family and only applies to packets
of this family. Tables can have one of five families.
nftables doesn't have any default tables. Without a table being built, nftables will
not filter network traffic.
Run the following command to create a table in nftables
# nft create table inet <table name>
Example:
# nft create table inet filter
Impact:
Adding rules to a running nftables can cause loss of connectivity to the system
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nft_tables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_tables.sh: line 12: nft: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.4_Ensure_a_nftables_table_exists"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893750_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_tables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_tables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_tables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing nftables rule.</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_tables.sh: line 12: nft: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_tables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing nftables rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_tables.sh: line 12: nft: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.3.5 Ensure nftables base chains exist
Description:
Chains are containers for rules. They exist in two kinds, base chains and regular
chains. A base chain is an entry point for packets from the networking stack, a
regular chain may be used as jump target and is used for better rule organization.
If a base chain doesn't exist with a hook for input, forward, and delete, packets
that would flow through those chains will not be touched by nftables.
Run the following command to create the base chains:
# nft create chain inet <table name> <base chain name> { type filter hook <(input|forward|output)>
priority 0 \; }
Example:
# nft create chain inet filter input { type filter hook input priority 0 \; }
# nft create chain inet filter forward { type filter hook forward priority 0 \; }
# nft create chain inet filter output { type filter hook output priority 0 \; }
Impact:
If configuring nftables over ssh,
creating
a
base chain
with a policy of
drop
will cause loss of connectivity.
Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting
the base chain's policy to drop
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nft_ruleset.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nft_ruleset.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found
|
|
| Script: |
sce/nft_ruleset.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found
|
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.5_Ensure_nftables_base_chains_exist"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893762_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing nftables rule.</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_ruleset.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing nftables rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893767_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing nftables rule.</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_ruleset.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing nftables rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893773_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Missing nftables rule.</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_ruleset.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Missing nftables rule.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset.sh: line 11: nft: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.3.6 Ensure nftables loopback traffic is configured
Description:
Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces
to deny traffic to the loopback network
Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical
to the operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback
network traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on this
network as an anti-spoofing measure.
Run the following commands to implement the loopback rules:
# nft add rule inet filter input iif lo accept
# nft add rule inet filter input ip saddr 127.0.0.0/8 counter drop
- IF -
IPv6 is enabled on the system:
Run the following command to implement the IPv6 loopback rule:
# nft add rule inet filter input ip6 saddr ::1 counter drop
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nft_loopback.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Loopback interface is not configured to accept network traffic
- - Network traffic from iPv4 loopback interface is not configured to drop
- - Network traffic from iPv6 loopback interface is not configured to drop
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.6_Ensure_nftables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_loopback.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_loopback.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_loopback.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - Loopback interface is not configured to accept network traffic</l>
<l> - Network traffic from iPv4 loopback interface is not configured to drop</l>
<l> - Network traffic from iPv6 loopback interface is not configured to drop</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_loopback.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - Loopback interface is not configured to accept network traffic</li>
<li> - Network traffic from iPv4 loopback interface is not configured to drop</li>
<li> - Network traffic from iPv6 loopback interface is not configured to drop</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual4.3.7 Ensure nftables outbound and established connections are configured
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound, and established connections
If rules are not in place for new outbound, and established connections all packets
will be dropped by the default policy preventing network usage.
Configure nftables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will implement
a policy to allow all outbound connections and all established connections:
# nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol tcp ct state established accept
# nft add rule inet filter input ip protocol udp ct state established accept
# nft add rule inet filter output ip protocol tcp ct state new,related,established
accept
# nft add rule inet filter output ip protocol udp ct state new,related,established
accept
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.7_Ensure_nftables_outbound_and_established_connections_are_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.3.8 Ensure nftables default deny firewall policy
Description:
Base chain policy is the default verdict that will be applied to packets reaching
the end of the chain.
There are two policies: accept (Default) and drop. If the policy is set to
accept
, the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured to be denied and the
packet will continue transversing the network stack.
It is easier to allow list acceptable usage than to deny list unacceptable usage.
Note:
- Allow port 22(ssh) needs to be updated to only allow systems requiring ssh connectivity
to connect, as per site policy.
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system.
Run the following command for the base chains with the input, forward, and output
hooks to implement a default DROP policy:
# nft chain <table family> <table name> <chain name> { policy drop \; }
Example:
# nft chain inet filter input { policy drop \; }
# nft chain inet filter forward { policy drop \; }
# nft chain inet filter output { policy drop \; }
Impact:
If configuring nftables over ssh, creating a base chain with a policy of drop will
cause loss of connectivity.
Ensure that a rule allowing ssh has been added to the base chain prior to setting
the base chain's policy to drop
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- "input" basechain does not have a default drop policy
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- "forward" basechain does not have a default drop policy
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found
|
|
| Script: |
sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- "output" basechain does not have a default drop policy
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found
|
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.8_Ensure_nftables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">Manual Page nft</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893799_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>"input" basechain does not have a default drop policy</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>"input" basechain does not have a default drop policy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893802_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>"forward" basechain does not have a default drop policy</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>"forward" basechain does not have a default drop policy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893807_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>"output" basechain does not have a default drop policy</l>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>"output" basechain does not have a default drop policy</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nft_ruleset_drop_v2.sh: line 16: nft: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: Manual Page nft
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.3.9 Ensure nftables service is enabled
Description:
The nftables service allows for the loading of nftables rulesets during boot, or starting
on the nftables service
The nftables service restores the nftables rules from the rules files referenced in
the /etc/nftables.conf
file during boot or the starting of the nftables service
Run the following command to enable the nftables service:
# systemctl enable nftables
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure standard service 'nftables' is enabled |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nftables |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.9_Ensure_nftables_service_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.554+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893818"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893818">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893818"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure standard service 'nftables' is enabled</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nftables</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.3.10 Ensure nftables rules are permanent
Description:
nftables is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification
of network packets/datagrams/frames.
The nftables service reads the
/etc/nftables.conf
file for a nftables file or files to include in the nftables ruleset.
A nftables ruleset containing the input, forward, and output base chains allow network
traffic to be filtered.
Note:
Saving the script and following the instruction in the Configure nftables section
overview will implement the rules in the configure nftable section, open port 22(ssh)
from anywhere, and applies nftables ruleset on boot.
Changes made to nftables ruleset only affect the live system, you will also need to
configure the nftables ruleset to apply on boot
Edit the
/etc/nftables.conf
file and un-comment or add a line with
include <Absolute path to nftables rules file>
for each nftables file you want included in the nftables ruleset on boot
Example:
# vi /etc/nftables.conf
Add the line:
include "/etc/nftables.rules"
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/nftables.conf exists and matches pattern ^\s*include\s+\S+ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_nftables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - No firewall is configured on the system
- -- INFO --
- - UFW is not configured
- - NFTables is not configured
- - IPTables is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.3.10_Ensure_nftables_rules_are_permanent"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.555+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893829"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893829">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893829"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/nftables.conf exists and matches pattern ^\s*include\s+\S+</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_nftables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - No firewall is configured on the system</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> -- INFO --</l>
<l/>
<l> - UFW is not configured</l>
<l> - NFTables is not configured</l>
<l> - IPTables is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_nftables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - No firewall is configured on the system</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> -- INFO --</li>
<li/>
<li> - UFW is not configured</li>
<li> - NFTables is not configured</li>
<li> - IPTables is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
4.4 Configure iptables
If Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) or nftables are being used in your environment, please
follow the guidance in their respective section and pass-over the guidance in this
section.
IPtables is an application that allows a system administrator to configure the IPv4
and IPv6 tables, chains and rules provided by the Linux kernel firewall. While several
methods of configuration exist this section is intended only to ensure the resulting
IPtables rules are in place, not how they are configured. If IPv6 is in use in your
environment, similar settings should be applied to the IP6tables as well.
Note:
- Configuration of a live system's firewall directly over a remote connection will often
result in being locked out.
- iptables
is being phased out, and support for
iptables
will be reduced over time. It is recommended to transition towards either
nftables
or ufw
as the default firewall management tool.
4.4.1 Configure iptables software
This section provides guidance for installing, enabling, removing, and disabling software
packages necessary for using IPTables as the method for configuring and maintaining
a Host Based Firewall on the system.
Note:
Using more than one method to configure and maintain a Host Based Firewall can cause
unexpected results. If Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) or NFTables are being used for
configuration and maintenance, this section should be skipped and the guidance in
their respective section followed.
Fail4.4.1.1 Ensure iptables packages are installed
Description:
iptables
is a utility program that allows a system administrator to configure the tables provided
by the Linux kernel firewall, implemented as different Netfilter modules, and the
chains and rules it stores. Different kernel modules and programs are used for different
protocols;
iptables
applies to IPv4, ip6tables to IPv6, arptables to ARP, and ebtables to Ethernet frames.
A method of configuring and maintaining firewall rules is necessary to configure a
Host Based Firewall.
Run the following command to install
iptables
and
iptables-persistent
:
# apt install iptables iptables-persistent
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'iptables' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
iptables |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
3ubuntu2 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
1.8.4 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:1.8.4-3ubuntu2 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'iptables-persistent' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.1.1_Ensure_iptables_packages_are_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.555+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893840"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893840">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893840"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'iptables' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>iptables</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>3ubuntu2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1.8.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:1.8.4-3ubuntu2</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893843"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893843">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893843"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'iptables-persistent' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass4.4.1.2 Ensure nftables is not in use with iptables
Description:
nftables
is a subsystem of the Linux kernel providing filtering and classification of network
packets/datagrams/frames and is the successor to iptables.
Running both
iptables
and
nftables
may lead to conflict.
Run the following command to remove
nftables
:
# apt purge nftables
- OR -
Run the following commands to stop and mask
nftables.service
:
# systemctl stop nftables.service
# systemctl mask nftables.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nftables.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
nftables.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.1.2_Ensure_nftables_is_not_in_use_with_iptables"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.555+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893863"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893863_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893863"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893863">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893863"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nftables.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893867"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893867_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893867"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893867">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893867"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'nftables.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>nftables.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893855"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893855">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893855"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'nftables' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.4.1.3 Ensure ufw is not in use with iptables
Description:
Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW) is a program for managing a netfilter firewall designed
to be easy to use.
- Uses a command-line interface consisting of a small number of simple commands
- Uses iptables for configuration
Running
iptables.persistent
with
ufw
enabled may lead to conflict and unexpected results.
Run the following command to remove
ufw
:
# apt purge ufw
- OR -
Run the following commands to disable ufw, and stop and mask
ufw.service
:
# ufw disable
# systemctl stop ufw.service
# systemctl mask ufw.service
Note:ufw disable
needs to be run before
systemctl mask ufw.service
in order to correctly disable
UFW
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'ufw.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
ufw.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'ufw.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
ufw.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- ufw service is not masked
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'ufw' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
ufw |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
all |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
6ubuntu1 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
0.36 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:0.36-6ubuntu1 |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.1.3_Ensure_ufw_is_not_in_use_with_iptables"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.555+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893887"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893887_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893887"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893887">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893887"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'ufw.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ufw.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893891"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893891_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893891"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893891">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893891"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'ufw.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ufw.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> ufw service is not masked</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ufw_disabled_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> ufw service is not masked</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893875"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893875">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893875"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'ufw' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ufw</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>6ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0.36</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:0.36-6ubuntu1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
4.4.2 Configure IPv4 iptables
iptables
is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IP packet filter rules in the
Linux kernel. Several different tables may be defined. Each table contains a number
of built-in chains and may also contain user-defined chains.
Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets. Each rule specifies
what to do with a packet that matches. This is called a 'target', which may be a jump
to a user-defined chain in the same table.
Note:
This section broadly assumes starting with an empty
iptables
firewall ruleset (established by flushing the rules with
iptables -F
). Remediation steps included only affect the live system, you will also need to configure
your default firewall configuration to apply on boot. Configuration of a live systems
firewall directly over a remote connection will often result in being locked out.
It is advised to have a known good firewall configuration set to run on boot and to
configure an entire firewall structure in a script that is then run and tested before
saving to boot. The following script will implement the firewall rules of this section
and open port 22(ssh) from anywhere:
#!/bin/bash
# Flush IPtables rules
iptables -F
# Ensure default deny firewall policy
iptables -P INPUT DROP
iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
iptables -P FORWARD DROP
# Ensure loopback traffic is configured
iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -s 127.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
# Ensure outbound and established connections are configured
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# Open inbound ssh(tcp port 22) connections
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
Fail4.4.2.1 Ensure iptables default deny firewall policy
Description:
A default deny all policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage
will be rejected.
Notes:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
With a default accept policy the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured
to be denied. It is easier to allow list acceptable usage than to deny list unacceptable
usage.
Run the following commands to implement a default DROP policy:
# iptables -P INPUT DROP
# iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
# iptables -P FORWARD DROP
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/iptables_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing iptables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/iptables_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing iptables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/iptables_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing iptables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.2.1_Ensure_iptables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.555+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893899_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/iptables_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/iptables_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/iptables_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing iptables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/iptables_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing iptables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893903_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/iptables_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/iptables_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/iptables_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing iptables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/iptables_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing iptables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893907_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/iptables_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/iptables_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/iptables_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing iptables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/iptables_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing iptables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.4.2.2 Ensure iptables loopback traffic is configured
Description:
Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces
to deny traffic to the loopback network (127.0.0.0/8).
Note:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical
to the operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback
network (127.0.0.0/8) traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic
on this network as an anti-spoofing measure.
Run the following commands to implement the loopback rules:
# iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -s 127.0.0.0/8 -j DROP
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/iptables_input.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing iptables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/iptables_input.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing iptables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/iptables_output.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing iptables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.2.2_Ensure_iptables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.555+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893918_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/iptables_input.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/iptables_input.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/iptables_input.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing iptables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/iptables_input.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing iptables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893922_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/iptables_input.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/iptables_input.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/iptables_input.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing iptables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/iptables_input.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing iptables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893928_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/iptables_output.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/iptables_output.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/iptables_output.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing iptables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/iptables_output.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing iptables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual4.4.2.3 Ensure iptables outbound and established connections are configured
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound, and established connections.
Note:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
If rules are not in place for new outbound, and established connections all packets
will be dropped by the default policy preventing network usage.
Configure iptables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will implement
a policy to allow all outbound connections and all established connections:
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.2.3_Ensure_iptables_outbound_and_established_connections_are_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.555+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.4.2.4 Ensure iptables firewall rules exist for all open ports
Description:
Any ports that have been opened on non-loopback addresses need firewall rules to govern
traffic.
Notes:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
- The remediation command opens up the port to traffic from all sources. Consult iptables
documentation and set any restrictions in compliance with site policy
Without a firewall rule configured for open ports default firewall policy will drop
all packets to these ports.
For each port identified in the audit which does not have a firewall rule establish
a proper rule for accepting inbound connections:
# iptables -A INPUT -p <protocol> --dport <port> -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_iptables_openports_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "49337"
- - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "5353"
- - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "39205"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.2.4_Ensure_iptables_firewall_rules_exist_for_all_open_ports"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_iptables_openports_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_iptables_openports_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_iptables_openports_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "49337"</l>
<l> - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "5353"</l>
<l> - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "39205"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_iptables_openports_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "49337"</li>
<li> - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "5353"</li>
<li> - iptables rule does not exist for open port: "39205"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
4.4.3 Configure IPv6 ip6tables
Ip6tables is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IPv6 packet filter
rules in the Linux kernel. Several different tables may be defined. Each table contains
a number of built-in chains and may also contain user-defined chains.
Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets. Each rule specifies
what to do with a packet that matches. This is called a `target', which may be a jump
to a user-defined chain in the same table.
If IPv6 in enabled on the system, the ip6tables should be configured.
Note:
This section broadly assumes starting with an empty ip6tables firewall ruleset (established
by flushing the rules with ip6tables -F). Remediation steps included only affect the
live system, you will also need to configure your default firewall configuration to
apply on boot. Configuration of a live systems firewall directly over a remote connection
will often result in being locked out. It is advised to have a known good firewall
configuration set to run on boot and to configure an entire firewall structure in
a script that is then run and tested before saving to boot.
The following script will implement the firewall rules of this section and open port
22(ssh) from anywhere:
#!/bin/bash
# Flush ip6tables rules
ip6tables -F
# Ensure default deny firewall policy
ip6tables -P INPUT DROP
ip6tables -P OUTPUT DROP
ip6tables -P FORWARD DROP
# Ensure loopback traffic is configured
ip6tables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -s ::1 -j DROP
# Ensure outbound and established connections are configured
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# Open inbound ssh(tcp port 22) connections
ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
Fail4.4.3.1 Ensure ip6tables default deny firewall policy
Description:
A default deny all policy on connections ensures that any unconfigured network usage
will be rejected.
Note:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
With a default accept policy the firewall will accept any packet that is not configured
to be denied. It is easier to allow list acceptable usage than to deny list unacceptable
usage.
- IF -
IPv6 is enabled on your system:
Run the following commands to implement a default DROP policy:
# ip6tables -P INPUT DROP
# ip6tables -P OUTPUT DROP
# ip6tables -P FORWARD DROP
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/ip6tables_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing ip6tables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/ip6tables_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing ip6tables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/ip6tables_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Missing ip6tables rule
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - IPv6 is enabled on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.3.1_Ensure_ip6tables_default_deny_firewall_policy"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893952_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing ip6tables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ip6tables_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing ip6tables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893957_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing ip6tables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ip6tables_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing ip6tables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893962_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/ip6tables_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Missing ip6tables rule</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/ip6tables_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Missing ip6tables rule</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.4.3.2 Ensure ip6tables loopback traffic is configured
Description:
Configure the loopback interface to accept traffic. Configure all other interfaces
to deny traffic to the loopback network (::1).
Note:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
Loopback traffic is generated between processes on machine and is typically critical
to operation of the system. The loopback interface is the only place that loopback
network (::1) traffic should be seen, all other interfaces should ignore traffic on
this network as an anti-spoofing measure.
Run the following commands to implement the loopback rules:
# ip6tables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A INPUT -s ::1 -j DROP
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_ip6tables_loopback_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - ipv6tables loopback address not configured to accept all inbound traffic
- - ipv6tables not configured to drop traffic from loopback address
- - ipv6tables loopback address is not configured to accept traffic from loopback
address
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - IPv6 is enabled on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.3.2_Ensure_ip6tables_loopback_traffic_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ip6tables_loopback_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ip6tables_loopback_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ip6tables_loopback_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - ipv6tables loopback address not configured to accept all inbound traffic</l>
<l> - ipv6tables not configured to drop traffic from loopback address</l>
<l> - ipv6tables loopback address is not configured to accept traffic from loopback address</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ip6tables_loopback_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - ipv6tables loopback address not configured to accept all inbound traffic</li>
<li> - ipv6tables not configured to drop traffic from loopback address</li>
<li> - ipv6tables loopback address is not configured to accept traffic from loopback address</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual4.4.3.3 Ensure ip6tables outbound and established connections are configured
Description:
Configure the firewall rules for new outbound, and established IPv6 connections.
Note:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
If rules are not in place for new outbound, and established connections all packets
will be dropped by the default policy preventing network usage.
Configure iptables in accordance with site policy. The following commands will implement
a policy to allow all outbound connections and all established connections:
# ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A OUTPUT -p udp -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
# ip6tables -A INPUT -p udp -m state --state ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.3.3_Ensure_ip6tables_outbound_and_established_connections_are_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail4.4.3.4 Ensure ip6tables firewall rules exist for all open ports
Description:
Any ports that have been opened on non-loopback addresses need firewall rules to govern
traffic.
Notes:
- Changing firewall settings while connected over network can result in being locked
out of the system
- Remediation will only affect the active system firewall, be sure to configure the
default policy in your firewall management to apply on boot as well
- The remediation command opens up the port to traffic from all sources. Consult iptables
documentation and set any restrictions in compliance with site policy
Without a firewall rule configured for open ports default firewall policy will drop
all packets to these ports.
For each port identified in the audit which does not have a firewall rule establish
a proper rule for accepting inbound connections:
# ip6tables -A INPUT -p <protocol> --dport <port> -m state --state NEW -j ACCEPT
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_ip6tables_openports_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - ip6tables rule does not exist for open port: "5353"
- - ip6tables rule does not exist for open port: "35511"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - IPv6 is enabled on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/deb_no_iptables.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- Failed:
- UFW is not configured on the system
- NFTables is not configured on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_4.4.3.4_Ensure_ip6tables_firewall_rules_exist_for_all_open_ports"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ip6tables_openports_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ip6tables_openports_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ip6tables_openports_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - ip6tables rule does not exist for open port: "5353"</l>
<l> - ip6tables rule does not exist for open port: "35511"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ip6tables_openports_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - ip6tables rule does not exist for open port: "5353"</li>
<li> - ip6tables rule does not exist for open port: "35511"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ipv6_disabled_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - IPv6 is enabled on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/deb_no_iptables.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>Failed: </l>
<l>UFW is not configured on the system</l>
<l>NFTables is not configured on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/deb_no_iptables.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>Failed: </li>
<li>UFW is not configured on the system</li>
<li>NFTables is not configured on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CA-9, SC-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.4 |
| Label: |
Apply Host-Based Firewalls or Port Filtering |
| Description: |
Apply host-based firewalls or port filtering tools on end systems, with a default-deny
rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that are explicitly allowed. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on Servers |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a firewall on servers, where supported. Example implementations
include a virtual firewall, operating system firewall, or a third-party firewall agent. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.5 |
| Label: |
Implement and Manage a Firewall on End-User Devices |
| Description: |
Implement and manage a host-based firewall or port-filtering tool on end-user devices,
with a default-deny rule that drops all traffic except those services and ports that
are explicitly allowed. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5 Access Control
5.1 Configure SSH Server
Secure Shell (SSH) is a secure, encrypted replacement for common login services such
as telnet
, ftp
, rlogin
, rsh
, and rcp
. It is strongly recommended that sites abandon older clear-text login protocols and
use SSH to prevent session hijacking and sniffing of sensitive data off the network.
The recommendations in this section only apply if the SSH daemon is installed on the
system, if remote access is not required the SSH daemon can be removed and this section skipped
.
sshd_config
:
-
The openSSH daemon configuration directives,
Include
and Match
, may cause the audits in this section's recommendations to report incorrectly. It
is recommended that these options only be used if they're needed and fully understood.
If these options are configured in accordance with local site policy, they should
be accounted for when following the recommendations in this section.
-
The default
Include
location is the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d
directory. This default has been accounted for in this section. If a file has an additional
Include
that isn't this default location, the files should be reviewed to verify that the
recommended setting is not being over-ridden.
-
The audits of the running configuration in this section are run in the context of
the root user, the local host name, and the local host's IP address. If a
Match
block exists that matches one of these criteria, the output of the audit will be from
the match block. The respective matched criteria should be replaced with a non-matching
substitution.
- Include
:
- Include the specified configuration file(s).
- Multiple pathnames may be specified and each pathname may contain glob(7) wildcards
that will be expanded and processed in lexical order.
-
Files without absolute paths are assumed to be in
/etc/ssh/
.
- An Include directive may appear inside a Match block to perform conditional inclusion.
- Match
:
- Introduces a conditional block. If all of the criteria on the Match line are satisfied,
the keywords on the following lines override those set in the global section of the
config file, until either another Match line or the end of the file. If a keyword
appears in multiple Match blocks that are satisfied, only the first instance of the
keyword is applied.
- The arguments to Match are one or more criteria-pattern pairs or the single token
All which matches all criteria. The available criteria are User, Group, Host, LocalAddress,
LocalPort, and Address.
- The match patterns may consist of single entries or comma-separated lists and may
use the wildcard and negation operators described in the PATTERNS section of ssh_config(5).
-
The patterns in an Address criteria may additionally contain addresses to match in
CIDR address/masklen format, such as
192.0.2.0/24
or
2001:db8::/32
. Note that the mask length provided must be consistent with the address - it is
an error to specify a mask length that is too long for the address or one with bits
set in this host portion of the address. For example,
192.0.2.0/33
and
192.0.2.0/8
, respectively.
- Only a subset of keywords may be used on the lines following a Match keyword. Available
keywords are available in the ssh_config man page.
-
Once all configuration changes have been made to
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
or any included configuration files, the
sshd
configuration must be reloaded
Command to re-load the SSH daemon configuration:
# systemctl reload-or-restart sshd
sshd
command:
- -T
- Extended test mode. Check the validity of the configuration file, output the effective
configuration to stdout and then exit. Optionally, Match rules may be applied by specifying
the connection parameters using one or more
-C
options.
- -C
- connection_spec. Specify the connection parameters to use for the -T extended test
mode. If provided, any Match directives in the configuration file that would apply
are applied before the configuration is written to standard output. The connection
parameters are supplied as keyword=value pairs and may be supplied in any order, either
with multiple
-C
options or as a comma-separated list. The keywords are
addr
, user
, host
, laddr
, lport
, and
rdomain
and correspond to source address, user, resolved source host name, local address,
local port number and routing domain respectively.
Pass5.1.1 Ensure access to /etc/ssh/sshd_config is configured
Description:
The file
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
, and files ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d
directory, contain configuration specifications for
sshd
.
configuration specifications for
sshd
need to be protected from unauthorized changes by non-privileged users.
Run the following script to set ownership and permissions on
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
and files ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d
directory:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
chmod u-x,og-rwx /etc/ssh/sshd_config
chown root:root /etc/ssh/sshd_config
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
if [ -e "$l_file" ]; then
chmod u-x,og-rwx "$l_file"
chown root:root "$l_file"
fi
done < <(find /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d -type f -print0 2>/dev/null)
}
- IF -
other locations are listed in an
Include
statement,
*.conf
files in these locations access should also be modified.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory
|
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory
|
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory
|
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.1_Ensure_access_to_etcsshsshd_config_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893499_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893502_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893504_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/ssh/sshd_config" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893505_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893509_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893512_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/ssh/sshd_config.d’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893516"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893516">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893516"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.2 Ensure access to SSH private host key files is configured
Description:
An SSH private key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In
this authentication method, the possession of the private key is proof of identity.
Only a private key that corresponds to a public key will be able to authenticate successfully.
The private keys need to be stored and handled carefully, and no copies of the private
key should be distributed.
If an unauthorized user obtains the private SSH host key file, the host could be impersonated
Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the private SSH host
key files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output=(); a_output2=(); l_ssh_group_name="$(awk -F: '($1 ~ /^(ssh_keys|_?ssh)$/)
{print $1}' /etc/group)"
f_file_access_fix()
{
while IFS=: read -r l_file_mode l_file_owner l_file_group; do
a_out2=()
[ "$l_file_group" = "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && l_pmask="0137" || l_pmask="0177"
l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
if [ $(( $l_file_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ]; then
a_out2+=(" Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
\
" updating to mode: \:$l_maxperm\"")
if [ "l_file_group" = "$l_ssh_group_name" ]; then
chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx "$l_file"
else
chmod u-x,go-rwx "$l_file"
fi
fi
if [ "$l_file_owner" != "root" ]; then
a_out2+=(" Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned by \"root\"" \
" Changing ownership to \"root\"")
chown root "$l_file"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_file_group" =~ ($l_ssh_group_name|root) ]]; then
[ -n "$l_ssh_group_name" ] && l_new_group="$l_ssh_group_name" || l_new_group="root"
a_out2+=(" Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be group owned by: \"$l_ssh_group_name\"
or \"root\"" \
" Changing group ownership to \"$l_new_group\"")
chgrp "$l_new_group" "$l_file"
fi
if [ "${#a_out2[@]}" -gt "0" ]; then
a_output2+=(" - File: \"$l_file\"" "${a_out2[@]}")
else
a_output+=(" - File: \"$l_file\"" \
"Correct: mode: \"$l_file_mode\", owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner: \"$l_file_group\"
configured")
fi
done < <(stat -Lc '%#a:%U:%G' "$l_file")
}
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
if ssh-keygen -lf &>/dev/null "$l_file"; then
file "$l_file" | grep -Piq -- '\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?private\h+key\b' && f_file_access_fix
fi
done < <(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -print0 2>/dev/null)
if [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -le "0" ]; then
printf '%s\n' "" " - No access changes required" ""
else
printf '%s\n' "" " - Remediation results:" "${a_output2[@]}" ""
fi
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v4.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.2_Ensure_access_to_SSH_private_host_key_files_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v4.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v4.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v4.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ssh_private_key_perm_chk_v4.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893523"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893523">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893523"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.3 Ensure access to SSH public host key files is configured
Description:
An SSH public key is one of two files used in SSH public key authentication. In this
authentication method, a public key is a key that can be used for verifying digital
signatures generated using a corresponding private key. Only a public key that corresponds
to a private key will be able to authenticate successfully.
If a public host key file is modified by an unauthorized user, the SSH service may
be compromised.
Run the following script to set mode, ownership, and group on the public SSH host
key files:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output=(); a_output2=()
l_pmask="0133"; l_maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_pmask )) )"
f_file_access_fix()
{
while IFS=: read -r l_file_mode l_file_owner l_file_group; do
a_out2=()
[ $(( $l_file_mode & $l_pmask )) -gt 0 ] && \
a_out2+=(" Mode: \"$l_file_mode\" should be mode: \"$l_maxperm\" or more restrictive"
\
" updating to mode: \"$l_maxperm\"") && chmod u-x,go-wx "$l_file"
[ "$l_file_owner" != "root" ] && \
a_out2+=(" Owned by: \"$l_file_owner\" should be owned by \"root\"" \
" Changing ownership to \"root\"") && chown root "$l_file"
[ "$l_file_group" != "root" ] && \
a_out2+=(" Owned by group \"$l_file_group\" should be group owned by: \"root\""
\
" Changing group ownership to \"root\"") && chgrp root "$l_file"
if [ "${#a_out2[@]}" -gt "0" ]; then
a_output2+=(" - File: \"$l_file\"" "${a_out2[@]}")
else
a_output+=(" - File: \"$l_file\"" \
" Correct: mode: \"$l_file_mode\", owner: \"$l_file_owner\", and group owner: \"$l_file_group\"
configured")
fi
done < <(stat -Lc '%#a:%U:%G' "$l_file")
}
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
if ssh-keygen -lf &>/dev/null "$l_file"; then
file "$l_file" | grep -Piq -- '\bopenssh\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?public\h+key\b' && f_file_access_fix
fi
done < <(find -L /etc/ssh -xdev -type f -print0 2>/dev/null)
if [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -le "0" ]; then
printf '%s\n' "" " - No access changes required" ""
else
printf '%s\n' " - Remediation results:" "${a_output2[@]}" ""
fi
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v4.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No openSSH public keys found
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.3_Ensure_access_to_SSH_public_host_key_files_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.556+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v4.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v4.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v4.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No openSSH public keys found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_ssh_public_key_access_chk_v4.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No openSSH public keys found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893530"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893530">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893530"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.4 Ensure sshd access is configured
Description:
There are several options available to limit which users and group can access the
system via SSH. It is recommended that at least one of the following options be leveraged:
- AllowUsers
:
-
The
AllowUsers
variable gives the system administrator the option of allowing specific users to
ssh
into the system. The list consists of space separated user names. Numeric user IDs
are not recognized with this variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict
user access further by only allowing the allowed users to log in from a particular
host, the entry can be specified in the form of user@host.
- AllowGroups
:
-
The
AllowGroups
variable gives the system administrator the option of allowing specific groups of
users to
ssh
into the system. The list consists of space separated group names. Numeric group IDs
are not recognized with this variable.
- DenyUsers
:
-
The
DenyUsers
variable gives the system administrator the option of denying specific users to
ssh
into the system. The list consists of space separated user names. Numeric user IDs
are not recognized with this variable. If a system administrator wants to restrict
user access further by specifically denying a user's access from a particular host,
the entry can be specified in the form of user@host.
- DenyGroups
:
-
The
DenyGroups
variable gives the system administrator the option of denying specific groups of users
to
ssh
into the system. The list consists of space separated group names. Numeric group IDs
are not recognized with this variable.
Restricting which users can remotely access the system via SSH will help ensure that
only authorized users access the system.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set one or more of the parameters above any
Include
and
Match
set statements as follows:
AllowUsers <userlist>
- AND/OR -
AllowGroups <grouplist>
Note:
-
First occurrence of a option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a
.conf
file in a
Include
directory.
- Be advised
that these options are "ANDed" together. If both
AllowUsers
and
AllowGroups
are set, connections will be limited to the list of users that are also a member of
an allowed group. It is recommended that only one be set for clarity and ease of administration.
- It is easier to manage an allow list than a deny list. In a deny list, you could potentially
add a user or group and forget to add it to the deny list.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "allowusers, allowgroups, denyusers, denygroups"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.4_Ensure_sshd_access_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://documentation.suse.com/en-us/sles/15-SP6/html/SLES-all/cha-ssh.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893535_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "allowusers, allowgroups, denyusers, denygroups"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "allowusers, allowgroups, denyusers, denygroups"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893541_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893538"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893538">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893538"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
- URL: SSHD(8)
- URL: https://documentation.suse.com/en-us/sles/15-SP6/html/SLES-all/cha-ssh.html
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts |
| Description: |
Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary
account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative
activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.5 Ensure sshd Banner is configured
Description:
The Banner
parameter specifies a file whose contents must be sent to the remote user before authentication
is permitted. By default, no banner is displayed.
Banners are used to warn connecting users of the particular site's policy regarding
connection. Presenting a warning message prior to the normal user login may assist
the prosecution of trespassers on the computer system.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
Banner
parameter above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
Banner /etc/issue.net
Note:
First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding.
If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your
environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.
Edit the file being called by the
Banner
argument with the appropriate contents according to your site policy, remove any instances
of
\m
,
\r
,
\s
,
\v
or references to the
OS platform
Example:
# printf '%s\n' "Authorized users only. All activity may be monitored and reported."
> "$(sshd -T | awk '$1 == "banner" {print $2}')"
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "banner"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "banner"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.5_Ensure_sshd_Banner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893548_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "banner"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "banner"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893558_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "banner"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "banner"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893564_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893571_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893552"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893552">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893552"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass5.1.6 Ensure sshd Ciphers are configured
Description:
This variable limits the ciphers that SSH can use during communication.
Notes:
- Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved ciphers.
- Ensure that ciphers used are in compliance with site policy.
-
The only "strong" ciphers currently FIPS 140 compliant are:
Weak ciphers that are used for authentication to the cryptographic module cannot
be relied upon to provide confidentiality or integrity, and system data may be compromised.
- The Triple DES ciphers, as used in SSH, have a birthday bound of approximately four
billion blocks, which makes it easier for remote attackers to obtain clear text data
via a birthday attack against a long-duration encrypted session, aka a "Sweet32" attack.
- Error handling in the SSH protocol; Client and Server, when using a block cipher algorithm
in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, makes it easier for remote attackers to recover
certain plain text data from an arbitrary block of cipher text in an SSH session via
unknown vectors.
Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file and add/modify the
Ciphers
line to contain a comma separated list of the site unapproved (weak) Ciphers preceded
with a
-
above any
Include
entries:
Example:
Ciphers -3des-cbc,aes128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com
- IF -CVE-2023-48795
has been addressed, and it meets local site policy,
chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com
may be removed from the list of excluded ciphers.
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be
created in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "ciphers"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.6_Ensure_sshd_Ciphers_are_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1543</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2183</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893579_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "ciphers"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "ciphers"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893583"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893583">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893583"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795
- URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-1543
- URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-2183
- URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-5161
- URL: https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv
- URL: https://www.openssh.com/txt/cbc.adv
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit |
| Description: |
Encrypt all sensitive information in transit. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.10 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport
Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH). |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.7 Ensure sshd ClientAliveInterval and ClientAliveCountMax are configured
Description:
Note:
To clarify, the two settings described below are only meant for idle connections from
a protocol perspective and are not meant to check if the user is active or not. An
idle user does not mean an idle connection. SSH does not and never had, intentionally,
the capability to drop idle users. In SSH versions before
8.2p1
there was a bug that caused these values to behave in such a manner that they were
abused to disconnect idle users. This bug has been resolved in
8.2p1
and thus it can no longer be abused disconnect idle users.
The two options
ClientAliveInterval
and ClientAliveCountMax
control the timeout of SSH sessions. Taken directly from
man 5 sshd_config
:
-
ClientAliveInterval
Sets a timeout interval in seconds after which if no data has been received from the
client, sshd(8) will send a message through the encrypted channel to request a response
from the client. The default is 0, indicating that these messages will not be sent
to the client.
-
ClientAliveCountMax
Sets the number of client alive messages which may be sent without sshd(8) receiving
any messages back from the client. If this threshold is reached while client alive
messages are being sent, sshd will disconnect the client, terminating the session.
It is important to note that the use of client alive messages is very different from
TCPKeepAlive. The client alive messages are sent through the encrypted channel and
therefore will not be spoofable. The TCP keepalive option en‐abled by TCPKeepAlive
is spoofable. The client alive mechanism is valuable when the client or server depend
on knowing when a connection has become unresponsive.
The default value is 3. If ClientAliveInterval is set to 15, and ClientAliveCountMax
is left at the default, unresponsive SSH clients will be disconnected after approximately
45 seconds. Setting a zero ClientAliveCountMax disables connection termination.
In order to prevent resource exhaustion, appropriate values should be set for both
ClientAliveInterval
and ClientAliveCountMax
. Specifically, looking at the source code,
ClientAliveCountMax
must be greater than zero in order to utilize the ability of SSH to drop idle connections.
If connections are allowed to stay open indefinitely, this can potentially be used
as a DDOS attack or simple resource exhaustion could occur over unreliable networks.
The example set here is a 45 second timeout. Consult your site policy for network
timeouts and apply as appropriate.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
ClientAliveInterval
and
ClientAliveCountMax
parameters above any
Include
and
Match
entries according to site policy.
Example:
ClientAliveInterval 15
ClientAliveCountMax 3
Note:
First occurrence of a option takes precedence, Match set statements withstanding.
If Include locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your
environment, the entry may be created in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "clientalivecountmax"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "ClientAliveInterval"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.7_Ensure_sshd_ClientAliveInterval_and_ClientAliveCountMax_are_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893591_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "clientalivecountmax"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "clientalivecountmax"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893598_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "ClientAliveInterval"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "ClientAliveInterval"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893604_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893608_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893613"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893613">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893613"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: SSHD(8)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass5.1.8 Ensure sshd DisableForwarding is enabled
Description:
The DisableForwarding
parameter disables all forwarding features, including X11, ssh-agent(1), TCP and StreamLocal.
This option overrides all other forwarding-related options and may simplify restricted
configurations.
- X11Forwarding provides the ability to tunnel X11 traffic through the connection to
enable remote graphic connections.
- ssh-agent is a program to hold private keys used for public key authentication. Through
use of environment variables the agent can be located and automatically used for authentication
when logging in to other machines using ssh.
- SSH port forwarding is a mechanism in SSH for tunneling application ports from the
client to the server, or servers to clients. It can be used for adding encryption
to legacy applications, going through firewalls, and some system administrators and
IT professionals use it for opening backdoors into the internal network from their
home machines.
Disable X11 forwarding unless there is an operational requirement to use X11 applications
directly. There is a small risk that the remote X11 servers of users who are logged
in via SSH with X11 forwarding could be compromised by other users on the X11 server.
Note that even if X11 forwarding is disabled, users can always install their own forwarders.
anyone with root privilege on the the intermediate server can make free use of ssh-agent
to authenticate them to other servers
Leaving port forwarding enabled can expose the organization to security risks and
backdoors. SSH connections are protected with strong encryption. This makes their
contents invisible to most deployed network monitoring and traffic filtering solutions.
This invisibility carries considerable risk potential if it is used for malicious
purposes such as data exfiltration. Cybercriminals or malware could exploit SSH to
hide their unauthorized communications, or to exfiltrate stolen data from the target
network.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
DisableForwarding
parameter to
yes
above any
Include
entry as follows:
DisableForwarding yes
Note:
First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used,
and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created
in a file in Include location.
Impact:
SSH tunnels are widely used in many corporate environments. In some environments the
applications themselves may have very limited native support for security. By utilizing
tunneling, compliance with SOX, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, and other standards can be achieved
without having to modify the applications.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "disableforwarding"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.8_Ensure_sshd_DisableForwarding_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">sshd_config(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893621_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "disableforwarding"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "disableforwarding"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893625"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893625">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893625"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: sshd_config(5)
- URL: SSHD(8)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-7
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.9 Ensure sshd GSSAPIAuthentication is disabled
Description:
The GSSAPIAuthentication
parameter specifies whether user authentication based on GSSAPI is allowed
Allowing GSSAPI authentication through SSH exposes the system's GSSAPI to remote hosts,
and should be disabled to reduce the attack surface of the system
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
GSSAPIAuthentication
parameter to
no
above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
GSSAPIAuthentication no
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "gssapiauthentication"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.9_Ensure_sshd_GSSAPIAuthentication_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893634_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "gssapiauthentication"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "gssapiauthentication"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893644_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893638"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893638">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893638"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: SSHD(8)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.10 Ensure sshd HostbasedAuthentication is disabled
Description:
The HostbasedAuthentication
parameter specifies if authentication is allowed through trusted hosts via the user
of .rhosts
, or /etc/hosts.equiv
, along with successful public key client host authentication.
Even though the
.rhosts
files are ineffective if support is disabled in
/etc/pam.conf
, disabling the ability to use
.rhosts
files in SSH provides an additional layer of protection.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
HostbasedAuthentication
parameter to
no
above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
HostbasedAuthentication no
Note:
First occurrence of a option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "hostbasedauthentication"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.10_Ensure_sshd_HostbasedAuthentication_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893652_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "hostbasedauthentication"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "hostbasedauthentication"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893664_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893659"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893659">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893659"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: SSHD(8)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.11 Ensure sshd IgnoreRhosts is enabled
Description:
The IgnoreRhosts
parameter specifies that
.rhosts
and .shosts
files will not be used in
RhostsRSAAuthentication
or HostbasedAuthentication
.
Setting this parameter forces users to enter a password when authenticating with SSH.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
IgnoreRhosts
parameter to
yes
above any
Include
entry as follows:
IgnoreRhosts yes
Note:
First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "ignorerhosts"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.11_Ensure_sshd_IgnoreRhosts_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893670_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "ignorerhosts"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "ignorerhosts"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893678"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893678">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893678"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: SSHD(8)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.12 Ensure sshd KexAlgorithms is configured
Description:
Key exchange is any method in cryptography by which cryptographic keys are exchanged
between two parties, allowing use of a cryptographic algorithm. If the sender and
receiver wish to exchange encrypted messages, each must be equipped to encrypt messages
to be sent and decrypt messages received
Notes:
- Kex algorithms have a higher preference the earlier they appear in the list
- Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved Key exchange algorithms
- Ensure that Key exchange algorithms used are in compliance with site policy
-
The only Key Exchange Algorithms currently FIPS 140 approved are:
- ecdh-sha2-nistp256
- ecdh-sha2-nistp384
- ecdh-sha2-nistp521
- diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256
- diffie-hellman-group16-sha512
- diffie-hellman-group18-sha512
- diffie-hellman-group14-sha256
Key exchange methods that are considered weak should be removed. A key exchange method
may be weak because too few bits are used, or the hashing algorithm is considered
too weak. Using weak algorithms could expose connections to man-in-the-middle attacks
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file and add/modify the
KexAlgorithms
line to contain a comma separated list of the site unapproved (weak) KexAlgorithms
preceded with a
-
above any
Include
entries:
Example:
KexAlgorithms -diffie-hellman-group1-sha1,diffie-hellman-group14-sha1,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be
created in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "kexalgorithms"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.12_Ensure_sshd_KexAlgorithms_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.557+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/openssh-crypto-configuration</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893686_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "kexalgorithms"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "kexalgorithms"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893692"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893692">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893692"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://ubuntu.com/server/docs/openssh-crypto-configuration
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: SC-8
- URL: SSHD(8)
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit |
| Description: |
Encrypt all sensitive information in transit. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.10 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport
Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH). |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.13 Ensure sshd LoginGraceTime is configured
Description:
The LoginGraceTime
parameter specifies the time allowed for successful authentication to the SSH server.
The longer the Grace period is the more open unauthenticated connections can exist.
Like other session controls in this session the Grace Period should be limited to
appropriate organizational limits to ensure the service is available for needed access.
Setting the
LoginGraceTime
parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of successful brute force attacks
to the SSH server. It will also limit the number of concurrent unauthenticated connections
While the recommended setting is 60 seconds (1 Minute), set the number based on site
policy.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
LoginGraceTime
parameter to
60
seconds or less above any
Include
entry as follows:
LoginGraceTime 60
Note:
First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used,
and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created
in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "logingracetime"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "logingracetime"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.13_Ensure_sshd_LoginGraceTime_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893701_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "logingracetime"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "logingracetime"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893710_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "logingracetime"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "logingracetime"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893705"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893705">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893705"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
- URL: SSHD(8)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass5.1.14 Ensure sshd LogLevel is configured
Description:
SSH provides several logging levels with varying amounts of verbosity. The
DEBUG
options are specifically not recommended other than strictly for debugging SSH communications.
These levels provide so much data that it is difficult to identify important security
information, and may violate the privacy of users.
The INFO
level is the basic level that only records login activity of SSH users. In many situations,
such as Incident Response, it is important to determine when a particular user was
active on a system. The logout record can eliminate those users who disconnected,
which helps narrow the field.
The VERBOSE
level specifies that login and logout activity as well as the key fingerprint for
any SSH key used for login will be logged. This information is important for SSH key
management, especially in legacy environments.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
LogLevel
parameter to
VERBOSE
or
INFO
above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
LogLevel VERBOSE
- OR -
LogLevel INFO
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "loglevel"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.14_Ensure_sshd_LogLevel_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.ssh.com/ssh/sshd_config/</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893721_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "loglevel"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "loglevel"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893729_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893724"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893724">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893724"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://www.ssh.com/ssh/sshd_config/
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12, SI-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass5.1.15 Ensure sshd MACs are configured
Description:
This variable limits the types of MAC algorithms that SSH can use during communication.
Notes:
- Some organizations may have stricter requirements for approved MACs.
- Ensure that MACs used are in compliance with site policy.
-
The only "strong" MACs currently FIPS 140 approved are:
- HMAC-SHA1
- HMAC-SHA2-256
- HMAC-SHA2-384
- HMAC-SHA2-512
MD5 and 96-bit MAC algorithms are considered weak and have been shown to increase
exploitability in SSH downgrade attacks. Weak algorithms continue to have a great
deal of attention as a weak spot that can be exploited with expanded computing power.
An attacker that breaks the algorithm could take advantage of a MiTM position to decrypt
the SSH tunnel and capture credentials and information.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file and add/modify the
MACs
line to contain a comma separated list of the site unapproved (weak) MACs preceded
with a
-
above any
Include
entries:
Example:
MACs -hmac-md5,hmac-md5-96,hmac-ripemd160,hmac-sha1-96,umac-64@openssh.com,hmac-md5-etm@openssh.com,hmac-md5-96-etm@openssh.com,hmac-ripemd160-etm@openssh.com,hmac-sha1-96-etm@openssh.com,umac-64-etm@openssh.com
- IF -CVE-2023-48795
has not been reviewed and addressed, the following
etm
MACs should be added to the exclude list:
hmac-sha1-etm@openssh.com
,
hmac-sha2-256-etm@openssh.com
,
hmac-sha2-512-etm@openssh.com
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be
created in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "macs"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.15_Ensure_sshd_MACs_are_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/10"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">More information on SSH downgrade attacks can be found here: http://www.mitls.org/pages/attacks/SLOTH</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893738_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "macs"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "macs"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893743"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893743">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893743"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48795
- URL: More information on SSH downgrade attacks can be found here: http://www.mitls.org/pages/attacks/SLOTH
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt All Sensitive Information in Transit |
| Description: |
Encrypt all sensitive information in transit. |
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.5 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Transmittal of Username and Authentication Credentials |
| Description: |
Ensure that all account usernames and authentication credentials are transmitted across
networks using encrypted channels. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.10 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data in Transit |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data in transit. Example implementations can include: Transport
Layer Security (TLS) and Open Secure Shell (OpenSSH). |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.16 Ensure sshd MaxAuthTries is configured
Description:
The MaxAuthTries
parameter specifies the maximum number of authentication attempts permitted per connection.
When the login failure count reaches half the number, error messages will be written
to the
syslog
file detailing the login failure.
Setting the
MaxAuthTries
parameter to a low number will minimize the risk of successful brute force attacks
to the SSH server. While the recommended setting is 4, set the number based on site
policy.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
MaxAuthTries
parameter to
4
or less above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
MaxAuthTries 4
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "maxauthtries"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.16_Ensure_sshd_MaxAuthTries_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/13"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893752_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "maxauthtries"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "maxauthtries"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893759_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893758"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893758">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893758"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.13 |
| Label: |
Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation |
| Description: |
Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, workstation
location and duration. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass5.1.17 Ensure sshd MaxSessions is configured
Description:
The MaxSessions
parameter specifies the maximum number of open sessions permitted from a given connection.
To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of concurrent sessions,
use the rate limiting function of MaxSessions to protect availability of sshd logins
and prevent overwhelming the daemon.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
MaxSessions
parameter to
10
or less above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
MaxSessions 10
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "maxsessions"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.17_Ensure_sshd_MaxSessions_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893766_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "maxsessions"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "maxsessions"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893778_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893772"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893772">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893772"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass5.1.18 Ensure sshd MaxStartups is configured
Description:
The MaxStartups
parameter specifies the maximum number of concurrent unauthenticated connections to
the SSH daemon.
To protect a system from denial of service due to a large number of pending authentication
connection attempts, use the rate limiting function of MaxStartups to protect availability
of sshd logins and prevent overwhelming the daemon.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
MaxStartups
parameter to
10:30:60
or more restrictive above any
Include
entries as follows:
MaxStartups 10:30:60
Note:
First occurrence of a option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled, used,
and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be created
in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "MaxStartups"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.18_Ensure_sshd_MaxStartups_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893784_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "MaxStartups"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "MaxStartups"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893790"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893790">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893790"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass5.1.19 Ensure sshd PermitEmptyPasswords is disabled
Description:
The PermitEmptyPasswords
parameter specifies if the SSH server allows login to accounts with empty password
strings.
Disallowing remote shell access to accounts that have an empty password reduces the
probability of unauthorized access to the system.
Edit
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
and set the
PermitEmptyPasswords
parameter to
no
above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
PermitEmptyPasswords no
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "permitemptypasswords"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.19_Ensure_sshd_PermitEmptyPasswords_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893795_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "permitemptypasswords"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "permitemptypasswords"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893804_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893800"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893800">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893800"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.20 Ensure sshd PermitRootLogin is disabled
Description:
The PermitRootLogin
parameter specifies if the root user can log in using SSH. The default is
prohibit-password
.
Disallowing
root
logins over SSH requires system admins to authenticate using their own individual
account, then escalating to
root
. This limits opportunity for non-repudiation and provides a clear audit trail in
the event of a security incident.
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
PermitRootLogin
parameter to
no
above any
Include
and
Match
entries as follows:
PermitRootLogin no
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence,
Match
set statements withstanding. If
Include
locations are enabled, used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment,
the entry may be created in a file in
Include
location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "permitrootlogin"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command
not found
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.20_Ensure_sshd_PermitRootLogin_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:AC-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893810_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "permitrootlogin"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "permitrootlogin"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893816_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_match_chk_v2.sh: line 35: : command not found</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893814"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893814">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893814"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5:AC-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts |
| Description: |
Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary
account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative
activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.4 |
| Label: |
Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts |
| Description: |
Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise
assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and
productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.1.21 Ensure sshd PermitUserEnvironment is disabled
Description:
The PermitUserEnvironment
option allows users to present environment options to the SSH daemon.
Permitting users the ability to set environment variables through the SSH daemon could
potentially allow users to bypass security controls (e.g. setting an execution path
that has SSH executing trojan'd programs)
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
PermitUserEnvironment
parameter to
no
above any
Include
entries as follows:
PermitUserEnvironment no
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be
created in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "permituserenvironment"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.21_Ensure_sshd_PermitUserEnvironment_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893823_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "permituserenvironment"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "permituserenvironment"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893826"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893826">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893826"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1,CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: SSHD(8)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass5.1.22 Ensure sshd UsePAM is enabled
Description:
The UsePAM
directive enables the Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) interface. If set to
yes
this will enable PAM authentication using
ChallengeResponseAuthentication
and PasswordAuthentication
directives in addition to PAM account and session module processing for all authentication
types.
When usePAM
is set to
yes
, PAM runs through account and session types properly. This is important if you want
to restrict access to services based off of IP, time or other factors of the account.
Additionally, you can make sure users inherit certain environment variables on login
or disallow access to the server
Edit the
/etc/ssh/sshd_config
file to set the
UsePAM
parameter to
yes
above any
Include
entries as follows:
UsePAM yes
Note:
First occurrence of an option takes precedence. If Include locations are enabled,
used, and order of precedence is understood in your environment, the entry may be
created in a file in Include location.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Script: |
sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - The sshd command can not be found on the system
- - Parameter(s): "usepam"
- does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration
- ** WARNING **
- - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not
found
|
| Errors: |
- /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.1.22_Ensure_sshd_UsePAM_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.558+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD_CONFIG(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SSHD(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893831_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</l>
<l> - Parameter(s): "usepam"</l>
<l> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - The sshd command can not be found on the system</li>
<li> - Parameter(s): "usepam"</li>
<li> does not exist in the openSSH daemon configuration</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - /home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 34: : command not found</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_sshd_config_chk_v3.sh: line 155: -T: command not found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893835"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893835">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893835"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'openssh-server' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SSHD_CONFIG(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: SSHD(8)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.2 Configure privilege escalation
There are various tools which allows a permitted user to execute a command as the
superuser or another user, as specified by the security policy.
sudo
sudo documentation
The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to determine the user name
with which to query the security policy.
sudo
supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third
parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work
seamlessly with the
sudo
front end. The default security policy is
sudoers
, which is configured via the file
/etc/sudoers
and any entries in
/etc/sudoers.d
.
pkexec
pkexec documentation
pkexec
allows an authorized user to execute
PROGRAM
as another user. If
username
is not specified, then the program will be executed as the administrative super user,
root
.
Pass5.2.1 Ensure sudo is installed
Description:
sudo
allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as
specified by the security policy. The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID
is used to determine the user name with which to query the security policy.
sudo
supports a plug-in architecture for security policies and input/output logging. Third
parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plug-ins to work
seamlessly with the
sudo
front end. The default security policy is
sudoers
, which is configured via the file
/etc/sudoers
and any entries in
/etc/sudoers.d
.
The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run
sudo
. The policy may require that users authenticate themselves with a password or another
authentication mechanism. If authentication is required,
sudo
will exit if the user's password is not entered within a configurable time limit.
This limit is policy-specific.
First determine is LDAP functionality is required. If so, then install
sudo-ldap
, else install
sudo
.
Example:
# apt install sudo
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'sudo' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
sudo |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
1ubuntu1.5 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
1.8.31 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:1.8.31-1ubuntu1.5 |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'sudo-ldap' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.1_Ensure_sudo_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893842"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893842">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893842"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'sudo' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>sudo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1ubuntu1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1.8.31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:1.8.31-1ubuntu1.5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893845"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893845">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893845"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'sudo-ldap' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SUDO(8)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts |
| Description: |
Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary
account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative
activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.4 |
| Label: |
Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts |
| Description: |
Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise
assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and
productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.2.2 Ensure sudo commands use pty
Description:
sudo
can be configured to run only from a pseudo terminal (
pseudo-pty
).
Attackers can run a malicious program using
sudo
which would fork a background process that remains even when the main program has
finished executing.
Edit the file
/etc/sudoers
with
visudo
or a file in
/etc/sudoers.d/
with
visudo -f <PATH TO FILE>
and add the following line:
Defaults use_pty
Edit the file
/etc/sudoers
with
visudo
and any files in
/etc/sudoers.d/
with
visudo -f <PATH TO FILE>
and remove any occurrence of
!use_pty
Note:
-
sudo will read each file in
/etc/sudoers.d
, skipping file names that end in
~
or contain a
.
character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor temporary/backup
files.
-
Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is,
/etc/sudoers.d/01_first
will be parsed before
/etc/sudoers.d/10_second
.
-
Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric,
/etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops
would be loaded after
/etc/sudoers.d/10_second
.
- Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to avoid
such problems.
Impact:
WARNING:
Editing the
sudo
configuration incorrectly can cause
sudo
to stop functioning. Always use
visudo
to modify
sudo
configuration files.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^[^~.]+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern
^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^[^~.]+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.2_Ensure_sudo_commands_use_pty"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">VISUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">sudoers(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893849"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893849">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893849"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893853"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893853">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893853"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^[^~.]+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?use_pty\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893860"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893860">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893860"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893864"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893864">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893864"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^[^~.]+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#\n\r]+,\h*)?\!use_pty\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SUDO(8)
- URL: VISUDO(8)
- URL: sudoers(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts |
| Description: |
Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary
account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative
activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.4 |
| Label: |
Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts |
| Description: |
Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise
assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and
productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.2.3 Ensure sudo log file exists
Description:
sudo can use a custom log file
A sudo log file simplifies auditing of sudo commands
Edit the file
/etc/sudoers
or a file in
/etc/sudoers.d/
with
visudo
or
visudo -f <PATH TO FILE>
and add the following line:
Example:
Defaults logfile="/var/log/sudo.log"
Note:
-
sudo will read each file in
/etc/sudoers.d
, skipping file names that end in
~
or contain a
.
character to avoid causing problems with package manager or editor temporary/backup
files.
-
Files are parsed in sorted lexical order. That is,
/etc/sudoers.d/01_first
will be parsed before
/etc/sudoers.d/10_second
.
-
Be aware that because the sorting is lexical, not numeric,
/etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops
would be loaded after
/etc/sudoers.d/10_second
.
- Using a consistent number of leading zeroes in the file names can be used to avoid
such problems.
Impact:
WARNING:
Editing the
sudo
configuration incorrectly can cause
sudo
to stop functioning. Always use
visudo
to modify
sudo
configuration files.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d exists and matches pattern
^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.3_Ensure_sudo_log_file_exists"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">VISUDO(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">sudoers(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893871"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893871">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893871"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893874"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893874">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893874"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d exists and matches pattern ^(?i)\h*Defaults\h+([^#]+,\h*)?logfile\h*=\h*(\"|\')?\H+(\"|\')?(,\h*\H+\h*)*\h*(#.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: SUDO(8)
- URL: VISUDO(8)
- URL: sudoers(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass5.2.4 Ensure users must provide password for privilege escalation
Description:
The operating system must be configured so that users must provide a password for
privilege escalation.
Without (re-)authentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which
they do not have authorization.
When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability,
it is critical the user (re-)authenticate.
Based on the outcome of the audit procedure, use
visudo -f <PATH TO FILE>
to edit the relevant sudoers file.
Remove any line with occurrences of
NOPASSWD
tags in the file.
Impact:
This will prevent automated processes from being able to elevate privileges.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h*)?\bNOPASSWD\b(.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensurefile(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h*)?\bNOPASSWD\b(.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.4_Ensure_users_must_provide_password_for_privilege_escalation"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893880"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893880">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893880"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h*)?\bNOPASSWD\b(.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893886"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893886">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893886"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensurefile(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h*)?\bNOPASSWD\b(.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts |
| Description: |
Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary
account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative
activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.4 |
| Label: |
Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts |
| Description: |
Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise
assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and
productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.2.5 Ensure re-authentication for privilege escalation is not disabled globally
Description:
The operating system must be configured so that users must re-authenticate for privilege
escalation.
Without re-authentication, users may access resources or perform tasks for which they
do not have authorization.
When operating systems provide the capability to escalate a functional capability,
it is critical the user re-authenticate.
Configure the operating system to require users to reauthenticate for privilege escalation.
Based on the outcome of the audit procedure, use
visudo -f <PATH TO FILE>
to edit the relevant sudoers file.
Remove any occurrences of
!authenticate
tags in the file(s).
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensurefile(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.5_Ensure_re-authentication_for_privilege_escalation_is_not_disabled_globally"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893894"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893894">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893894"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893897"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893897">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893897"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensurefile(s) named ^.+$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?\!authenticate\b(\.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts |
| Description: |
Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary
account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative
activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.4 |
| Label: |
Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts |
| Description: |
Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise
assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and
productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.2.6 Ensure sudo authentication timeout is configured
Description:
sudo
caches used credentials for a default of 5 minutes. This is for ease of use when there
are multiple administrative tasks to perform. The timeout can be modified to suit
local security policies.
A timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized privileged sudo
access.
- IF -
the currently configured timeout is a negative number (disabled), greater than
15
minutes, or doesn't follow local site polity:
Run the
visudo
command and edit or add the following line:
Defaults timestamp_timeout=<N>
Example:
Defaults timestamp_timeout=15
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?\btimestamp_timeout\h*=\h*(-\d*|15\.[1-9]+|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b' |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?\btimestamp_timeout\h*=\h*(-\d*|15\.[1-9]+|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b' |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.6_Ensure_sudo_authentication_timeout_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.sudo.ws/man/1.9.0/sudoers.man.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893905"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893905">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893905"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/sudoers exists and matches pattern (?i)\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?\btimestamp_timeout\h*=\h*(-\d*|15\.[1-9]+|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893910"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893910">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893910"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/sudoers.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)\h*defaults\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h*,\h*)?\btimestamp_timeout\h*=\h*(-\d*|15\.[1-9]+|1[6-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://www.sudo.ws/man/1.9.0/sudoers.man.html
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure the Use of Dedicated Administrative Accounts |
| Description: |
Ensure that all users with administrative account access use a dedicated or secondary
account for elevated activities. This account should only be used for administrative
activities and not internet browsing, email, or similar activities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.4 |
| Label: |
Restrict Administrator Privileges to Dedicated Administrator Accounts |
| Description: |
Restrict administrator privileges to dedicated administrator accounts on enterprise
assets. Conduct general computing activities, such as internet browsing, email, and
productivity suite use, from the user's primary, non-privileged account. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.2.7 Ensure access to the su command is restricted
Description:
The su
command allows a user to run a command or shell as another user. The program has been
superseded by
sudo
, which allows for more granular control over privileged access. Normally, the
su
command can be executed by any user. By uncommenting the
pam_wheel.so
statement in
/etc/pam.d/su
, the
su
command will only allow users in a specific groups to execute
su
. This group should be empty to reinforce the use of
sudo
for privileged access.
Restricting the use of
su
, and using
sudo
in its place, provides system administrators better control of the escalation of user
privileges to execute privileged commands. The sudo utility also provides a better
logging and audit mechanism, as it can log each command executed via
sudo
, whereas
su
can only record that a user executed the
su
program.
Create an empty group that will be specified for use of the
su
command. The group should be named according to site policy.
Example:
# groupadd sugroup
Add the following line to the
/etc/pam.d/su
file, specifying the empty group:
auth required pam_wheel.so use_uid group=sugroup
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/su exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(?:required|requisite)\h+pam_wheel\.so\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\2)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\1)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))(\h+.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.2.7_Ensure_access_to_the_su_command_is_restricted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893917"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893917">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893917"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/su exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(?:required|requisite)\h+pam_wheel\.so\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\2)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))\h+(?:[^#\n\r]+\h+)?((?!\1)(use_uid\b|group=\H+\b))(\h+.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.3 Pluggable Authentication Modules
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) is a service that implements modular authentication
modules on Linux systems. PAM is implemented as a set of shared objects that are loaded
and executed when a program needs to authenticate a user. Files for PAM are typically
located in the /etc/pam.d
directory. PAM must be carefully configured to secure system authentication. While
this section covers some of PAM, please consult other PAM resources to fully understand
the configuration capabilities.
Note:
This section includes guidance that requires the additional modules and the latest
version of software packages as covered in the "Configure PAM software packages" section
5.3.1 Configure PAM software packages
Updated versions of PAM include additional functionality
Pass5.3.1.1 Ensure latest version of pam is installed
Description:
Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) is a suite of libraries that allow a
Linux system administrator to configure methods to authenticate users. It provides
a flexible and centralized way to switch authentication methods for secured applications
by using configuration files instead of changing application code
The
libpam-runtime
provides the runtime support for the PAM library
Older versions of the
libpam-runtime
package may not include the latest security and feature patches and updates.
Note:
This Benchmark includes Recommendations that depend on newer
libpam-runtime
features. These Recommendation were written and tested against version
1.3.1-5ubuntu4.7
. Latest available version of the package should be used
Run the following command to install the latest version of
libpam-runtime
:
# apt install libpam-runtime
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'libpam-runtime' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
libpam-runtime |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
all |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
5ubuntu4.7 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
1.3.1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:1.3.1-5ubuntu4.7 |
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Package "libpam-runtime" is installed and the latest version
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.1_Ensure_latest_version_of_pam_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">PAM(7)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893924"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893924">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893924"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'libpam-runtime' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>libpam-runtime</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>all</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>5ubuntu4.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1.3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:1.3.1-5ubuntu4.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893929_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Package "libpam-runtime" is installed and the latest version</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Package "libpam-runtime" is installed and the latest version</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass5.3.1.2 Ensure latest version of libpam-modules is installed
Description:
libpam-modules
is a package containing a set of Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) which allows
system administrators to configure different authentication methods for user logins,
providing flexibility in how users can access applications by using various authentication
modules to include password checks and other security mechanisms.
Older versions of the
libpam-modules
package may not include the latest security and feature patches and updates.
Note:
This Benchmark includes Recommendations that depend on newer
libpam-modules
features. Theses recommendations were written and tested against version
1.3.1-5ubuntu4.7
. The latest available version should be used.
Run the following command to install the latest version of
libpam-modules
:
# apt install libpam-modules
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'libpam-modules' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
libpam-modules |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
5ubuntu4.7 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
1.3.1 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:1.3.1-5ubuntu4.7 |
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Package "libpam-modules" is installed and the latest version
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.2_Ensure_latest_version_of_libpam-modules_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893934"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893934">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893934"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'libpam-modules' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>libpam-modules</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>5ubuntu4.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1.3.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:1.3.1-5ubuntu4.7</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893938_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Package "libpam-modules" is installed and the latest version</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Package "libpam-modules" is installed and the latest version</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Fail5.3.1.3 Ensure latest version of libpam-pwquality is installed
Description:
libpwquality
provides common functions for password quality checking and scoring them based on
their apparent randomness. The library also provides a function for generating random
passwords with good pronounceability.
This module can be plugged into the password stack of a given service to provide some
plug-in strength-checking for passwords. The code was originally based on
pam_cracklib
module and the module is backwards compatible with its options.
Strong passwords reduce the risk of systems being hacked through brute force methods.
Older versions of the
libpam-pwquality
package may not include the latest security and feature patches and updates.
Recommendations were written and tested against version
1.3.1-5ubuntu4.7
. The latest available version should be used.
Run the following command to install the latest version of
libpam-pwquality
:
# apt install libpam-pwquality
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'libpam-pwquality' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Package: "libpam-pwquality" does not exist on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.1.3_Ensure_latest_version_of_libpam-pwquality_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://packages.debian.org/buster/libpam-pwquality</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893943"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893943">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893943"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'libpam-pwquality' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893948_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Package: "libpam-pwquality" does not exist on the system</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_deb_latest_package_version_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Package: "libpam-pwquality" does not exist on the system</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://packages.debian.org/buster/libpam-pwquality
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.3.2 Configure pam-auth-update profiles
pam-auth-update
is a utility that permits configuring the central authentication policy for the system
using pre-defined profiles as supplied by PAM module packages.
Profiles - Shipped in the
/usr/share/pam-configs/
directory specify the modules, with options, to enable; the preferred ordering with
respect to other profiles; and whether a profile should be enabled by default. Packages
providing PAM modules register their profiles at install time by calling pam-auth-update
--package.
Selection of profiles is done using the standard
debconf
interface. The profile selection question will be asked at
medium
priority when packages are added or removed, so no user interaction is required by
default. Users may invoke
pam-auth-update
directly to change their authentication configuration.
The pam-auth-update
script makes every effort to respect local changes to
/etc/pam.d/common-*.
Local modifications to the list of module options will be preserved, and additions
of modules within the managed portion of the stack will cause pam-auth-update to treat
the config files as locally modified and not make further changes to the config files
unless given the
--force
option.
If the user specifies that
pam-auth-update
should override local configuration changes, the locally-modified files will be saved
in /etc/pam.d/ with a suffix of
.pam-old
.
Pass5.3.2.1 Ensure pam_unix module is enabled
Description:
pam_unix
is the standard Unix authentication module. It uses standard calls from the system's
libraries to retrieve and set account information as well as authentication. Usually
this is obtained from the
/etc/passwd
and if shadow is enabled, the
/etc/shadow
file as well.
The account component performs the task of establishing the status of the user's account
and password based on the following shadow elements:
expire
,
last_change
,
max_change
,
min_change
,
warn_change
. In the case of the latter, it may offer advice to the user on changing their password
or, through the
PAM_AUTHTOKEN_REQD
return, delay giving service to the user until they have established a new password.
The entries listed above are documented in the shadow(5) manual page. Should the user's
record not contain one or more of these entries, the corresponding shadow check is
not performed.
The authentication component performs the task of checking the users credentials (password).
The default action of this module is to not permit the user access to a service if
their official password is blank.
The system should only provide access after performing authentication of a user.
Run the following command to enable the
pam_unix
module:
# pam-auth-update --enable unix
Note:
If a site specific custom profile is being used in your environment to configure PAM
that includes the configuration for the
pam_faillock
module, enable that module instead
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-account exists and matches pattern
^\h*account\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d/common-account |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
common-account |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^\h*account\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
account [success=1 new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
account [success=1 new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-session exists and matches pattern
^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d/common-session |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
common-session |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
session required pam_unix.so |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
session required pam_unix.so |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d/common-auth |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
common-auth |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^\h*auth\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive exists and
matches pattern ^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
common-session-noninteractive |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
session required pam_unix.so |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
session required pam_unix.so |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.1_Ensure_pam_unix_module_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893955"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893955">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893955"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-account exists and matches pattern ^\h*account\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d/common-account</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>common-account</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^\h*account\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>account [success=1 new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>account [success=1 new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893959"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893959">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893959"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-session exists and matches pattern ^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d/common-session</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>common-session</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>session required pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>session required pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893966"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893966">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893966"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern ^\h*auth\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>common-auth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^\h*auth\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893970"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893970">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893970"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern ^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893974"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893974">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893974"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive exists and matches pattern ^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d/common-session-noninteractive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>common-session-noninteractive</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>session required pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>session required pam_unix.so</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.2.2 Ensure pam_faillock module is enabled
Description:
The
pam_faillock.so
module maintains a list of failed authentication attempts per user during a specified
interval and locks the account in case there were more than the configured number
of consecutive failed authentications (this is defined by the
deny
parameter in the faillock configuration). It stores the failure records into per-user
files in the tally directory.
Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute
force password attacks against your systems.
Create two pam-auth-update profiles in
/usr/share/pam-configs/
:
-
Create the
faillock
profile in
/usr/share/pam-configs/
with the following lines:
Name: Enable pam_faillock to deny access
Default: yes
Priority: 0
Auth-Type: Primary
Auth:
[default=die] pam_faillock.so authfail
Example Script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: Enable pam_faillock to deny access' 'Default: yes' 'Priority: 0' 'Auth-Type:
Primary' 'Auth:' ' [default=die] pam_faillock.so authfail')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/faillock
}
-
Create the
faillock_notify
profile in
/usr/share/pam-configs/
with the following lines:
Name: Notify of failed login attempts and reset count upon success
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Auth-Type: Primary
Auth:
requisite pam_faillock.so preauth
Account-Type: Primary
Account:
required pam_faillock.so
Example Script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: Notify of failed login attempts and reset count upon success' 'Default:
yes' 'Priority: 1024' 'Auth-Type: Primary' 'Auth:' ' requisite
pam_faillock.so preauth' 'Account-Type: Primary' 'Account:' ' required
pam_faillock.so')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/faillock_notify
}
Run the following command to update the
common-auth
and
common-account
PAM files with the new profiles:
# pam-auth-update --enable <profile_filename>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable faillock
# pam-auth-update --enable faillock_notify
Note:
-
The name used for the file must be used in the
pam-auth-update --enable
command
-
The
Name:
line should be easily recognizable and understood
-
The
Priority:
Line is important as it effects the order of the lines in the
/etc/pam.d/
files
-
If a site specific custom profile is being used in your environment to configure PAM
that includes the configuration for the
pam_faillock
module, enable that module instead
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?preauth\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?authfail\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-account exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*account\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_faillock\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.2_Ensure_pam_faillock_module_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893981"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893981">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893981"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?preauth\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893986"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893986">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893986"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?authfail\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893989"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893989">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893989"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-account exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*account\h+([^#\n\r]+)\h+pam_faillock\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.7 |
| Label: |
Establish Process for Revoking Access |
| Description: |
Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling
accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee
or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation
of audit trails. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 6: Access Control Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to create, assign, manage, and revoke access credentials and
privileges for user, administrator, and service accounts for enterprise assets and
software. |
| Safeguard: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Establish an Access Revoking Process |
| Description: |
Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to enterprise
assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights revocation,
or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting accounts, may be
necessary to preserve audit trails. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.2.3 Ensure pam_pwquality module is enabled
Description:
The
pam_pwquality.so
module performs password quality checking. This module can be plugged into the password
stack of a given service to provide strength-checking for passwords. The code was
originally based on pam_cracklib module and the module is backwards compatible with
its options.
The action of this module is to prompt the user for a password and check its strength
against a system dictionary and a set of rules for identifying poor choices.
The first action is to prompt for a single password, check its strength and then,
if it is considered strong, prompt for the password a second time (to verify that
it was typed correctly on the first occasion). All being well, the password is passed
on to subsequent modules to be installed as the new authentication token.
Use of a unique, complex passwords helps to increase the time and resources required
to compromise the password.
Run the following script to verify the
pam_pwquality.so
line exists in a
pam-auth-update
profile:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Output should be similar to:
/usr/share/pam-configs/pwquality: requisite pam_pwquality.so
retry=3
/usr/share/pam-configs/pwquality: requisite pam_pwquality.so
retry=3
- IF -
similar output is returned:
Run the following command to update
/etc/pam.d/common-password
with the returned profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable {PROFILE_NAME}
Example:
# pam-auth-update pwquality
- IF -
similar output is
NOT
returned:
Create a pam-auth-update profile in
/usr/share/pam-configs/
with the following lines:
Name: Pwquality password strength checking
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Conflicts: cracklib
Password-Type: Primary
Password:
requisite pam_pwquality.so retry=3
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: Pwquality password strength checking' 'Default: yes' 'Priority: 1024'
'Conflicts: cracklib' 'Password-Type: Primary' 'Password:' ' requisite
pam_pwquality.so retry=3')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/pwquality
}
Run the following command to update
/etc/pam.d/common-password
with the
pwquality
profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable pwquality
Note:
-
The name used for the file must be used in the
pam-auth-update --enable
command
-
The
Name:
line should be easily recognizable and understood
-
The
Priority:
Line is important as it effects the order of the lines in the
/etc/pam.d/
files
-
If a site specific custom profile is being used in your environment to configure PAM
that includes the configuration for the
pam_pwquality
module, enable that module instead
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.3_Ensure_pam_pwquality_module_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893993"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893993">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893993"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.2.4 Ensure pam_pwhistory module is enabled
Description:
The
pam_pwhistory.so
module saves the last passwords for each user in order to force password change history
and keep the user from alternating between the same password too frequently.
This module does not work together with kerberos. In general, it does not make much
sense to use this module in conjunction with
NIS
or
LDAP
, since the old passwords are stored on the local machine and are not available on
another machine for password history checking.
Use of a unique, complex passwords helps to increase the time and resources required
to compromise the password.
Run the following script to verify the
pam_pwhistory.so
line exists in a
pam-auth-update
profile:
# grep -P -- '\bpam_pwhistory\.so\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Output should be similar to:
/usr/share/pam-configs/pwhistory: requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root
use_authtok
- IF -
similar output is returned:
Run the following command to update
/etc/pam.d/common-password
with the returned profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable {PROFILE_NAME}
Example:
# pam-auth-update pwhistory
- IF -
similar output is
NOT
returned:
Create a
pwhistory
profile in
/usr/share/pam-configs/
with the following lines:
Name: pwhistory password history checking
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Password-Type: Primary
Password: requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root use_authtok
Example Script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
arr=('Name: pwhistory password history checking' 'Default: yes' 'Priority: 1024' 'Password-Type:
Primary' 'Password:' ' requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24
enforce_for_root use_authtok')
printf '%s\n' "${arr[@]}" > /usr/share/pam-configs/pwhistory
}
Run the following command to update
/etc/pam.d/common-password
with the
pwhistory
profile:
# pam-auth-update --enable pwhistory
Note:
-
The name used for the file must be used in the
pam-auth-update --enable
command
-
The
Name:
line should be easily recognizable and understood
-
The
Priority:
Line is important as it effects the order of the lines in the
/etc/pam.d/
files
-
If a site specific custom profile is being used in your environment to configure PAM
that includes the configuration for the
pam_pwhistory
module, enable that module instead
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.2.4_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_module_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.559+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894001"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894001">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894001"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required)\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.3.3 Configure PAM Arguments
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) uses arguments to pass information to a pluggable
module during authentication for a particular module type. These arguments allow the
PAM configuration files for particular programs to use a common PAM module but in
different ways.
Invalid arguments are ignored and do not otherwise affect the success or failure of
the PAM module. When an invalid argument is passed, an error is usually written to
/var/log/messages
file. However, since the reporting method is controlled by the PAM module, the module
must be written correctly to log the error to this file.
Note:
If custom PAM files are being used, for this section's remediation, the corresponding
files in
/etc/pam.d/
would need to be edited directly, and the
pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
command skipped
5.3.3.1 Configure pam_faillock module
pam_faillock.so
provides a way to configure the default settings for locking the user after multiple
failed authentication attempts.
Options:
- <dir=/path/to/tally-directory>
- The directory where the user files with the failure records are kept. The default
is /var/run/faillock. Note: These files will disappear after reboot on systems configured
with directory /var/run/faillock mounted on virtual memory.
- audit
- Will log the user name into the system log if the user is not found.
- silent
- Don't print informative messages to the user. Please note that when this option
is not used there will be difference in the authentication behavior for users which
exist on the system and non-existing users.
- no_log_info
- Don't log informative messages via syslog(3).
- local_users_only
- Only track failed user authentications attempts for local users in /etc/passwd and
ignore centralized (AD, IdM, LDAP, etc.) users. The faillock(8) command will also
no longer track user failed authentication attempts. Enabling this option will prevent
a double-lockout scenario where a user is locked out locally and in the centralized
mechanism.
- nodelay
- Don't enforce a delay after authentication failures.
- deny=<n>
- Deny access if the number of consecutive authentication failures for this user during
the recent interval exceeds
. The default is 3.
- fail_interval=n
- The length of the interval during which the consecutive authentication failures
must happen for the user account lock out is n seconds. The default is 900 (15 minutes).
- unlock_time=n
- The access will be re-enabled after n seconds after the lock out. The value 0 has
the same meaning as value never - the access will not be re-enabled without resetting
the faillock entries by the faillock(8) command. The default is 600 (10 minutes).
Note that the default directory that pam_faillock uses is usually cleared on system
boot so the access will be also re-enabled after system reboot. If that is undesirable
a different tally directory must be set with the dir option. Also note that it is
usually undesirable to permanently lock out users as they can become easily a target
of denial of service attack unless the usernames are random and kept secret to potential
attackers.
- even_deny_root
- Root account can become locked as well as regular accounts.
- root_unlock_time=n
- This option implies even_deny_root option. Allow access after n seconds to root
account after the account is locked. In case the option is not specified the value
is the same as of the unlock_time option.
- admin_group=name
- If a group name is specified with this option, members of the group will be handled
by this module the same as the root account (the options even_deny_root and root_unlock_time
will apply to them. By default the option is not set.
Fail5.3.3.1.1 Ensure password failed attempts lockout is configured
Description:
The
deny=<n>
option will deny access if the number of consecutive authentication failures for this
user during the recent interval exceeds
.
Locking out user IDs after
n
unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute force password attacks against
your systems.
Create or edit the following line in
/etc/security/faillock.conf
setting the
deny
option to
5
or less:
deny = 5
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
deny=<N>
arguments from the
pam_faillock.so
line(s):
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*deny\h*=\h*[1-5]\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\h*=\h*(0|[6-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.1_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894006"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894006">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894006"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*deny\h*=\h*[1-5]\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894011"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894011">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894011"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?deny\h*=\h*(0|[6-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.7 |
| Label: |
Establish Process for Revoking Access |
| Description: |
Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling
accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee
or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation
of audit trails. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 6: Access Control Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to create, assign, manage, and revoke access credentials and
privileges for user, administrator, and service accounts for enterprise assets and
software. |
| Safeguard: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Establish an Access Revoking Process |
| Description: |
Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to enterprise
assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights revocation,
or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting accounts, may be
necessary to preserve audit trails. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.1.2 Ensure password unlock time is configured
Description:
unlock_time=<n>
- The access will be re-enabled after
seconds after the lock out. The value
0
has the same meaning as value never - the access will not be re-enabled without resetting
the faillock entries by the faillock(8) command.
Note:
- The default directory that pam_faillock uses is usually cleared on system boot so
the access will be also re-enabled after system reboot. If that is undesirable a different
tally directory must be set with the dir option.
- It is usually undesirable to permanently lock out users as they can become easily
a target of denial of service attack unless the usernames are random and kept secret
to potential attackers.
-
The maximum configurable value for
unlock_time
is
604800
Locking out user IDs after
n
unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute force password attacks against
your systems.
Set password unlock time to conform to site policy.
unlock_time
should be
0
(never), or
900
seconds or greater.
Edit
/etc/security/faillock.conf
and update or add the following line:
unlock_time = 900
Run the following command: remove the
unlock_time
argument from the
pam_faillock.so
module in the PAM files:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
unlock_time=<N>
argument from the
pam_faillock.so
line(s):
Impact:
Use of
unlock_time=0
may allow an attacker to cause denial of service to legitimate users. This will also
require a systems administrator with elevated privileges to unlock the account.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*unlock_time\h*=\h*(0|9[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{3,})\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-8][0-9][0-9])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.2_Ensure_password_unlock_time_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894015"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894015">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894015"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*unlock_time\h*=\h*(0|9[0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{3,})\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894018"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894018">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894018"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-8][0-9][0-9])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.7 |
| Label: |
Establish Process for Revoking Access |
| Description: |
Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling
accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee
or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation
of audit trails. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 6: Access Control Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to create, assign, manage, and revoke access credentials and
privileges for user, administrator, and service accounts for enterprise assets and
software. |
| Safeguard: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Establish an Access Revoking Process |
| Description: |
Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to enterprise
assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights revocation,
or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting accounts, may be
necessary to preserve audit trails. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.1.3 Ensure password failed attempts lockout includes root account
Description:
even_deny_root
- Root account can become locked as well as regular accounts
root_unlock_time=n
- This option implies even_deny_root option. Allow access after n seconds to root
account after the account is locked. In case the option is not specified the value
is the same as of the unlock_time option.
Locking out user IDs after n unsuccessful consecutive login attempts mitigates brute
force password attacks against your systems.
Edit
/etc/security/faillock.conf
:
-
Remove or update any line containing
root_unlock_time
,
- OR -
set it to a value of
60
or more
- Update or add the following line:
even_deny_root
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(even_deny_root|root_unlock_time)'
/usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
even_deny_root
and
root_unlock_time
arguments from the
pam_faillock.so
line(s):
Impact:
Use of
unlock_time=0
or
root_unlock_time=0
may allow an attacker to cause denial of service to legitimate users.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*(even_deny_root|root_unlock_time\h*=\h*\d+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.1.3_Ensure_password_failed_attempts_lockout_includes_root_account"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/7"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894023"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894023">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894023"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*(even_deny_root|root_unlock_time\h*=\h*\d+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894027"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894027">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894027"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/faillock.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894031"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894031">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894031"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-auth exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*auth\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)pam_faillock\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?root_unlock_time\h*=\h*([1-9]|[1-5][0-9])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.7 |
| Label: |
Establish Process for Revoking Access |
| Description: |
Establish and follow an automated process for revoking system access by disabling
accounts immediately upon termination or change of responsibilities of an employee
or contractor . Disabling these accounts, instead of deleting accounts, allows preservation
of audit trails. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 6: Access Control Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to create, assign, manage, and revoke access credentials and
privileges for user, administrator, and service accounts for enterprise assets and
software. |
| Safeguard: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Establish an Access Revoking Process |
| Description: |
Establish and follow a process, preferably automated, for revoking access to enterprise
assets, through disabling accounts immediately upon termination, rights revocation,
or role change of a user. Disabling accounts, instead of deleting accounts, may be
necessary to preserve audit trails. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.3.3.2 Configure pam_pwquality module
The
pam_pwquality.so
module checks the strength of passwords. It performs checks such as making sure a
password is not a dictionary word, it is a certain length, contains a mix of characters
(e.g. alphabet, numeric, other) and more.
These checks are configurable by either:
- use of the module arguments
-
modifying the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
configuration file
-
creating a
.conf
file in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory.
Note:
The module arguments override the settings in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
configuration file. Settings in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
configuration file override settings in a
.conf
file in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory.
The possible options in the file are:
- difok
- Number of characters in the new password that must not be present in the old password.
(default 1). The special value of 0 disables all checks of similarity of the new password
with the old password except the new password being exactly the same as the old one.
- minlen
- Minimum acceptable size for the new password (plus one if credits are not disabled
which is the default). (See pam_pwquality(8).) Cannot be set to lower value than 6.
(default 8)
- dcredit
- The maximum credit for having digits in the new password. If less than 0 it is the
minimum number of digits in the new password. (default 0)
- ucredit
- The maximum credit for having uppercase characters in the new password. If less
than 0 it is the minimum number of uppercase characters in the new password. (default
0)
- lcredit
- The maximum credit for having lowercase characters in the new password. If less
than 0 it is the minimum number of lowercase characters in the new password. (default
0)
- ocredit
- The maximum credit for having other characters in the new password. If less than
0 it is the minimum number of other characters in the new password. (default 0)
- minclass
- The minimum number of required classes of characters for the new password (digits,
uppercase, lowercase, others). (default 0)
- maxrepeat
- The maximum number of allowed same consecutive characters in the new password.
The check is disabled if the value is 0. (default 0)
- maxsequence
- The maximum length of monotonic character sequences in the new password. Examples
of such sequence are '12345' or 'fedcb'. Note that most such passwords will not pass
the simplicity check unless the sequence is only a minor part of the password. The
check is disabled if the value is 0. (default 0)
- maxclassrepeat
- The maximum number of allowed consecutive characters of the same class in the new
password. The check is disabled if the value is 0. (default 0)
- gecoscheck
- If nonzero, check whether the words longer than 3 characters from the GECOS field
of the user's passwd(5) entry are contained in the new password. The check is disabled
if the value is 0. (default 0)
- dictcheck
- If nonzero, check whether the password (with possible modifications) matches a word
in a dictionary. Currently the dictionary check is performed
using the cracklib library. (default 1)
- usercheck=<N>
- If nonzero, check whether the password (with possible modifications) contains the
user name in some form. It is not performed for user names
shorter than 3 characters. (default 1)
- usersubstr=<N>
- If greater than 3 (due to the minimum length in usercheck), check whether the password
contains a substring of at least N length in some form.
(default 0)
- enforcing=<N>
- If nonzero, reject the password if it fails the checks, otherwise only print the
warning. This setting applies only to the pam_pwquality module
and possibly other applications that explicitly change their behavior based on it.
It does not affect pwmake(1) and pwscore(1). (default 1)
- badwords
- Space separated list of words that must not be contained in the password. These
are additional words to the cracklib dictionary check. This setting can be also used
by applications to emulate the gecos check for user accounts that are not created
yet.
- dictpath
- Path to the cracklib dictionaries. Default is to use the cracklib default.
- retry=<N>
- Prompt user at most N times before returning with error. The default is 1.
- enforce_for_root
- The module will return error on failed check even if the user changing the password
is root. This option is off by default which means that just the message about the
failed check is printed but root can change the password anyway. Note that root is
not asked for an old password so the checks that compare the old and new password
are not performed.
- local_users_only
- The module will not test the password quality for users that are not present in
the /etc/passwd file. The module still asks for the password so the following modules
in the stack can use the use_authtok option. This option is off by default.
Fail5.3.3.2.1 Ensure password number of changed characters is configured
Description:
The
pwqualitydifok
option sets the number of characters in a password that must not be present in the
old password.
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise
the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness
of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to
crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible
combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
Create or modify a file ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory or the file
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
and add or modify the following line to set
difok
to
2
or more. Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*difok\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '\n%s' "difok = 2" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwdifok.conf
}
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
difok
argument from the
pam_pwquality.so
line(s):
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches
pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists
and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.1_Ensure_password_number_of_changed_characters_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894045"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894045">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894045"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894048"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894048">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894048"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894054"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894054">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894054"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?difok\h*=\h*([0-1])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894037"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894037">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894037"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894040"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894040">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894040"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*difok\h*=\h*([2-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.2.2 Ensure minimum password length is configured
Description:
The minimum password length setting determines the lowers number of characters that
make up a password for a user account. There are many different theories about how
to determine the best password length for an organization, but perhaps "passphrase"
is a better term than "password".
The
minlen
option sets the minimum acceptable size for the new password (plus one if credits
are not disabled which is the default). Cannot be set to lower value than 6.
Strong passwords help protect systems from password attacks. Types of password attacks
include dictionary attacks, which attempt to use common words and phrases, and brute
force attacks, which try every possible combination of characters. Also attackers
may try to obtain the account database so they can use tools to discover the accounts
and passwords.
Create or modify a file ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory or the file
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
and add or modify the following line to set password length of
14
or more characters. Ensure that password length conforms to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*minlen\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '\n%s' "minlen = 14" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwlength.conf
}
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
minlen
argument from the
pam_pwquality.so
line(s):
Impact:
In general, it is true that longer passwords are better (harder to crack), but it
is also true that forced password length requirements can cause user behavior that
is predictable and undesirable. For example, requiring users to have a minimum 16-character
password may cause them to choose repeating patterns like fourfourfourfour or passwordpassword
that meet the requirement but aren’t hard to guess. Additionally, length requirements
increase the chances that users will adopt other insecure practices, like writing
them down, re-using them or storing them unencrypted in their documents.
Having a reasonable minimum length with no maximum character limit increases the resulting
average password length used (and therefore the strength).6
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches
pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\h*=\h*([0-9]|1[0-3])\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists
and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.2_Ensure_minimum_password_length_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">pam_pwquality(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">CIS Password Policy Guide</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894065"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894065">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894065"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894067"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894067">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894067"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[0-3]|[0-9])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894070"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894070">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894070"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?minlen\h*=\h*([0-9]|1[0-3])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894058"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894058">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894058"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894062"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894062">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894062"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*minlen\h*=\h*(1[4-9]|[2-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: pam_pwquality(8)
- URL: CIS Password Policy Guide
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual5.3.3.2.3 Ensure password complexity is configured
Description:
Password complexity can be set through:
- minclass
- The minimum number of classes of characters required in a new password. (digits,
uppercase, lowercase, others). e.g.
minclass = 4
requires digits, uppercase, lower case, and special characters.
- dcredit
- The maximum credit for having digits in the new password. If less than
0
it is the minimum number of digits in the new password. e.g.
dcredit = -1
requires at least one digit
- ucredit
- The maximum credit for having uppercase characters in the new password. If less
than
0
it is the minimum number of uppercase characters in the new password. e.g.
ucredit = -1
requires at least one uppercase character
- ocredit
- The maximum credit for having other characters in the new password. If less than
0
it is the minimum number of other characters in the new password. e.g.
ocredit = -1
requires at least one special character
- lcredit
- The maximum credit for having lowercase characters in the new password. If less
than
0
it is the minimum number of lowercase characters in the new password. e.g.
lcredit = -1
requires at least one lowercase character
Strong passwords protect systems from being hacked through brute force methods.
Requiring at least one non-alphabetic character increases the search space beyond
pure dictionary words, which makes the resulting password harder to crack.
Forcing users to choose an excessively complex password, e.g. some combination of
upper-case, lower-case, numbers, and special characters, has a negative impact. It
places an extra burden on users and many will use predictable patterns (for example,
a capital letter in the first position, followed by lowercase letters, then one or
two numbers, and a “special character” at the end). Attackers know this, so dictionary
attacks will often contain these common patterns and use the most common substitutions
like, $ for s, @ for a, 1 for l, 0 for o.
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?(minclass|[dulo]credit)\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
minclass
,
dcredit
,
ucredit
,
lcredit
, and
ocredit
arguments from the
pam_pwquality.so
line(s)
Create or modify a file ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory or the file
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
and add or modify the following line(s) to set complexity according to local site
policy:
- minclass = _N_
- dcredit = _N_
# Value should be either
0
or a number proceeded by a minus (
-
) symbol
- ucredit = -1
# Value should be either
0
or a number proceeded by a minus (
-
) symbol
- ocredit = -1
# Value should be either
0
or a number proceeded by a minus (
-
) symbol
- lcredit = -1
# Value should be either
0
or a number proceeded by a minus (
-
) symbol
Example 1 - Set
minclass = 3
:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*minclass\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
sed -ri 's/^\s*[dulo]credit\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '\n%s' "minclass = 3" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf
}
Example 2 - set
dcredit = -1
,
ucredit = -1
, and
lcredit = -1
:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*minclass\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
sed -ri 's/^\s*[dulo]credit\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '%s\n' "dcredit = -1" "ucredit = -1" "lcredit = -1" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwcomplexity.conf
}
Impact:
Passwords that are too complex in nature make it harder for users to remember, leading
to bad practices. In addition, composition requirements provide no defense against
common attack types such as social engineering or insecure storage of passwords
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - "dcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
- - "ucredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
- - "lcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
- - "ocredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
- - "minclass" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.3_Ensure_password_complexity_is_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">pam_pwquality(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">PWQUALITY.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.cisecurity.org/insights/white-papers/cis-password-policy-guide</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l> - "dcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
<l> - "ucredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
<l> - "lcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
<l> - "ocredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
<l> - "minclass" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_pwquality_complexity_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li> - "dcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
<li> - "ucredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
<li> - "lcredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
<li> - "ocredit" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
<li> - "minclass" is not set in a pwquality configuration file or a PAM file</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: pam_pwquality(8)
- URL: PWQUALITY.CONF(5)
- URL: https://www.cisecurity.org/insights/white-papers/cis-password-policy-guide
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.2.4 Ensure password same consecutive characters is configured
Description:
The
pwqualitymaxrepeat
option sets the maximum number of allowed same consecutive characters in a new password.
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise
the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness
of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to
crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible
combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
Create or modify a file ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory or the file
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
and add or modify the following line to set
maxrepeat
to
3
or less and not
0
. Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*maxrepeat\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '\n%s' "maxrepeat = 3" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwrepeat.conf
}
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
maxrepeat
argument from the
pam_pwquality.so
line(s):
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches
pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+]\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists
and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.4_Ensure_password_same_consecutive_characters_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034253"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034253">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034253"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034254"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034254">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034254"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+]\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034255"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034255">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034255"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxrepeat\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034251"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034251">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034251"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034252"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034252">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034252"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxrepeat\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.2.5 Ensure password maximum sequential characters is configured
Description:
The
pwqualitymaxsequence
option sets the maximum length of monotonic character sequences in the new password.
Examples of such sequence are
12345
or
fedcb
. The check is disabled if the value is
0
.
Note:
Most such passwords will not pass the simplicity check unless the sequence is only
a minor part of the password.
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise
the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness
of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to
crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible
combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
Create or modify a file ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory or the file
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
and add or modify the following line to set
maxsequence
to
3
or less and not
0
. Ensure setting conforms to local site policy:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
sed -ri 's/^\s*maxsequence\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '\n%s' "maxsequence = 3" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwmaxsequence.conf
}
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
maxsequence
argument from the
pam_pwquality.so
line(s):
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches
pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists
and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.5_Ensure_password_maximum_sequential_characters_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034263"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034263">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034263"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034264"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034264">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034264"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034265"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034265">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034265"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?maxsequence\h*=\h*(0|[4-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034261"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034261">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034261"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034262"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:7034262">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:7034262"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*maxsequence\h*=\h*[1-3]\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.3.3.2.6 Ensure password dictionary check is enabled
Description:
The
pwqualitydictcheck
option sets whether to check for the words from the
cracklib
dictionary.
If the operating system allows the user to select passwords based on dictionary words,
this increases the chances of password compromise by increasing the opportunity for
successful guesses, and brute-force attacks.
Edit any file ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory and/or the file
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
and comment out or remove any instance of
dictcheck = 0
:
Example:
# sed -ri 's/^\s*dictcheck\s*=/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/*.conf
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
dictcheck
argument from the
pam_pwquality.so
line(s)
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches
pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.6_Ensure_password_dictionary_check_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894107"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894107">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894107"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894110"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894110">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894110"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894115"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894115">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894115"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+(requisite|required|sufficient)\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?dictcheck\h*=\h*0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.3.3.2.7 Ensure password quality checking is enforced
Description:
The
pam_pwquality
module can be configured to either reject a password if it fails the checks, or only
print a warning.
This is configured by setting the
enforcing=<N>
argument. If nonzero, a password will be rejected if it fails the checks, otherwise
only a warning message will be provided.
This setting applies only to the pam_pwquality module and possibly other applications
that explicitly change their behavior based on it. It does not affect pwmake(1) and
pwscore(1).
Strong passwords help protect systems from password attacks. Types of password attacks
include dictionary attacks, which attempt to use common words and phrases, and brute
force attacks, which try every possible combination of characters. Also attackers
may try to obtain the account database so they can use tools to discover the accounts
and passwords.
Run the following command:
# grep -Pl -- '\bpam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforcing=0\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and remove the
enforcing=0
argument from the
pam_pwquality.so
line(s)
Edit
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
and all files ending in
.conf
in the
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
directory and remove or comment out any line containing the
enforcing = 0
argument:
Example:
# sed -ri 's/^\s*enforcing\s*=\s*0/# &/' /etc/security/pwquality.conf /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/*.conf
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforcing\h*=\h*0\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches
pattern (?i)^\h*enforcing\h*=\h*0\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforcing=0\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.7_Ensure_password_quality_checking_is_enforced"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.560+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">pam_pwquality(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">PWQUALITY.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894120"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894120">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894120"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforcing\h*=\h*0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894121"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894121">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894121"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforcing\h*=\h*0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894126"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894126">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894126"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwquality\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforcing=0\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: pam_pwquality(8)
- URL: PWQUALITY.CONF(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.2.8 Ensure password quality is enforced for the root user
Description:
If the
pwqualityenforce_for_root
option is enabled, the module will return error on failed check even if the user changing
the password is root.
This option is off by default which means that just the message about the failed check
is printed but root can change the password anyway.
Note:
The root is not asked for an old password so the checks that compare the old and new
password are not performed.
Use of a complex password helps to increase the time and resources required to compromise
the password. Password complexity, or strength, is a measure of the effectiveness
of a password in resisting attempts at guessing and brute-force attacks.
Password complexity is one factor of several that determines how long it takes to
crack a password. The more complex the password, the greater the number of possible
combinations that need to be tested before the password is compromised.
Edit or add the following line in a
*.conf
file in
/etc/security/pwquality.conf.d
or in
/etc/security/pwquality.conf
:
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
[ ! -d /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/
printf '\n%s\n' "enforce_for_root" > /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/50-pwroot.conf
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists
and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.2.8_Ensure_password_quality_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894130"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894130">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894130"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/security/pwquality.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894133"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894133">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894133"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file(s) named ^.+\.conf$ in /etc/security/pwquality.conf.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*enforce_for_root\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.3.3.3 Configure pam_pwhistory module
pam_pwhistory
- PAM module to remember last passwords
pam_history.so
module - This module saves the last passwords for each user in order to force password
change history and keep the user from alternating between the same password too frequently.
This module does not work together with kerberos. In general, it does not make much
sense to use this module in conjunction with
NIS
or
LDAP
, since the old passwords are stored on the local machine and are not available on
another machine for password history checking.
Options:
- debug
- Turns on debugging via syslog(3).
- use_authtok
- When password changing enforce the module to use the new password provided by a
previously stacked password module (this is used in the example of the stacking of
the
pam_passwdqc module
documented below).
- enforce_for_root
- If this option is set, the check is enforced for root, too.
- remember=<N>
- The last
<N>
passwords for each user are saved. The default is
10
. Value of
0
makes the module to keep the existing contents of the opasswd file unchanged.
- retry=<N>
- Prompt user at most
<N>
times before returning with error. The default is
1
.
- authtok_type=<STRING>
- See pam_get_authtok(3) for more details.
Examples:
An example password section would be:
#%PAM-1.0
password required pam_pwhistory.so
password required pam_unix.so use_authtok
In combination with pam_passwdqc:
#%PAM-1.0
password required pam_passwdqc.so config=/etc/passwdqc.conf
password required pam_pwhistory.so use_authtok
password required pam_unix.so use_authtok
Fail5.3.3.3.1 Ensure password history remember is configured
Description:
The
/etc/security/opasswd
file stores the users' old passwords and can be checked to ensure that users are not
recycling recent passwords. The number of passwords remembered is set via the remember
argument value in set for the
pam_pwhistory
module.
-
remember=<N> -
<N>
is the number of old passwords to remember
Requiring users not to reuse their passwords make it less likely that an attacker
will be able to guess the password or use a compromised password.
Note:
These change only apply to accounts configured on the local system.
Run the following command:
# awk '/Password-Type:/{ f = 1;next } /-Type:/{ f = 0 } f {if (/pam_pwhistory\.so/)
print FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and edit or add the
remember=
argument, with a value of
24
or more, that meets local site policy to the
pam_pwhistory
line in the
Password
section:
Example File:
Name: pwhistory password history checking
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Password-Type: Primary
Password:
requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root use_authtok # <- **ensure
line includes remember=<N>**
Run the following command to update the files in the
/etc/pam.d/
directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <MODIFIED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable pwhistory
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=(2[4-9]|[3-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.1_Ensure_password_history_remember_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894137"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894137">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894137"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember=(2[4-9]|[3-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]{2,})\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5(1)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.3.2 Ensure password history is enforced for the root user
Description:
If the
pwhistoryenforce_for_root
option is enabled, the module will enforce password history for the root user as well
Requiring users not to reuse their passwords make it less likely that an attacker
will be able to guess the password or use a compromised password
Note:
These change only apply to accounts configured on the local system.
Run the following command:
# awk '/Password-Type:/{ f = 1;next } /-Type:/{ f = 0 } f {if (/pam_pwhistory\.so/)
print FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and add the
enforce_for_root
argument to the
pam_pwhistory
line in the
Password
section:
Example File:
Name: pwhistory password history checking
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Password-Type: Primary
Password:
requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root use_authtok # <- **ensure
line includes enforce_for_root**
Run the following command to update the files in the
/etc/pam.d/
directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <MODIFIED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable pwhistory
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforce_for_root\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.2_Ensure_password_history_is_enforced_for_the_root_user"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894142"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894142">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894142"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?enforce_for_root\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.3.3 Ensure pam_pwhistory includes use_authtok
Description:
use_authtok
- When password changing enforce the module to set the new password to the one provided
by a previously stacked password module
use_authtok
allows multiple pam modules to confirm a new password before it is accepted.
Run the following command:
# awk '/Password-Type:/{ f = 1;next } /-Type:/{ f = 0 } f {if (/pam_pwhistory\.so/)
print FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and add the
use_authtok
argument to the
pam_pwhistory
line in the
Password
section:
Example File:
Name: pwhistory password history checking
Default: yes
Priority: 1024
Password-Type: Primary
Password:
requisite pam_pwhistory.so remember=24 enforce_for_root use_authtok # <- **ensure
line includes use_authtok**
Run the following command to update the files in the
/etc/pam.d/
directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <MODIFIED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable pwhistory
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.3.3_Ensure_pam_pwhistory_includes_use_authtok"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894145"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894145">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894145"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_pwhistory\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?use_authtok\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials |
| Description: |
Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.11 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets
the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include
application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to
the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.3.3.4 Configure pam_unix module
The
pam_unix.so
module is the standard Unix authentication module. It uses standard calls from the
system's libraries to retrieve and set account information as well as authentication.
Usually this is obtained from the
/etc/passwd
and the
/etc/shadow
file as well if shadow is enabled.
Fail5.3.3.4.1 Ensure pam_unix does not include nullok
Description:
The
nullok
argument overrides the default action of
pam_unix.so
to not permit the user access to a service if their official password is blank.
Using a strong password is essential to helping protect personal and sensitive information
from unauthorized access
Run the following command:
# grep -PH -- '^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any files returned and remove the
nullok
argument for the
pam_unix
lines
Example File:
Name: Unix authentication
Default: yes
Priority: 256
Auth-Type: Primary
Auth:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass # <- **ensure line does
not include nullok nullok**
Auth-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so # <- **ensure line does not include nullok
nullok**
Account-Type: Primary
Account:
[success=end new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Initial:
[success=end new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Session-Type: Additional
Session:
required pam_unix.so
Session-Initial:
required pam_unix.so
Password-Type: Primary
Password:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass yescrypt
Password-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt
Run the following command to update the files in the
/etc/pam.d/
directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable unix
Note:
If custom files are being used, the corresponding files in
/etc/pam.d/
would need to be edited directly, and the
pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
command skipped
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^common-(password|auth|account|session|session-noninteractive)$
in /etc/pam.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d/common-auth |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
common-auth |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
(?i)^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.1_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_nullok"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894149"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894149">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894149"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^common-(password|auth|account|session|session-noninteractive)$ in /etc/pam.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>common-auth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(?i)^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?nullok\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so nullok</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.3.3.4.2 Ensure pam_unix does not include remember
Description:
The
remember=n
argument saves the last n passwords for each user in
/etc/security/opasswd
in order to force password change history and keep the user from alternating between
the same password too frequently. The MD5 password hash algorithm is used for storing
the old passwords. Instead of this option the
pam_pwhistory
module should be used. The
pam_pwhistory
module saves the last n passwords for each user in
/etc/security/opasswd
using the password hash algorithm set on the
pam_unix
module. This allows for the
yescrypt
or
sha512
hash algorithm to be used.
The
remember=n
argument should be removed to ensure a strong password hashing algorithm is being
used. A stronger hash provides additional protection to the system by increasing the
level of effort needed for an attacker to successfully determine local user's old
passwords stored in
/etc/security/opasswd
.
Run the following command:
# grep -PH -- '^\h*([^#\n\r]+\h+)?pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?remember\b' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any files returned and remove the
remember=_<N>_
argument for the
pam_unix
lines
Example output:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass yescrypt
remember=5 # **<- remove remember=<N>**
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt remember=5 # **<- remove
remember=<N>**
Run the following command to update the files in the
/etc/pam.d/
directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable unix
Note:
If custom files are being used, the corresponding files in
/etc/pam.d/
would need to be edited directly, and the
pam-auth-update --enable <EDITED_PROFILE_NAME>
command skipped
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file(s) named ^common-(password|auth|account|session|session-noninteractive)$
in /etc/pam.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?Ensure
pam_unix does not include remember=\d+\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.2_Ensure_pam_unix_does_not_include_remember"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894153"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894153">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894153"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file(s) named ^common-(password|auth|account|session|session-noninteractive)$ in /etc/pam.d/ exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?Ensure pam_unix does not include remember=\d+\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.3.3.4.3 Ensure pam_unix includes a strong password hashing algorithm
Description:
A cryptographic hash function converts an arbitrary-length input into a fixed length
output. Password hashing performs a one-way transformation of a password, turning
the password into another string, called the hashed password.
The
pam_unix
module can be configured to use one of the following hashing algorithms for user's
passwords:
- md5
- When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
MD5
algorithm.
- bigcrypt
- When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
DEC C2
algorithm.
- sha256
- When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
SHA256
algorithm. The
SHA256
algorithm must be supported by the crypt(3) function.
- sha512
- When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
SHA512
algorithm. The
SHA512
algorithm must be supported by the crypt(3) function.
- blowfish
- When a user changes their password next, encrypt it with the
blowfish
algorithm. The
blowfish
algorithm must be supported by the crypt(3) function.
The
SHA-512
algorithm provides a stronger hash than other algorithms used for password hash generation.
A stronger hash provides additional protection to the system by increasing the level
of effort needed for an attacker to successfully determine local user passwords.
Note:
These changes only apply to the local system.
Run the following command:
# awk '/Password-Type:/{ f = 1;next } /-Type:/{ f = 0 } f {if (/pam_unix\.so/) print
FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files and edit or add a the strong sha512 hashing algorithm to the
pam_unix
lines in the
Password
section:
Example File:
Name: Unix authentication
Default: yes
Priority: 256
Auth-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Auth" section
Auth:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass
Auth-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Account" section
Account:
[success=end new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Initial:
[success=end new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Session-Type: Additional # <- Start of "Session" section
Session:
required pam_unix.so
Session-Initial:
required pam_unix.so
Password-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Password" section
Password:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass sha512
# <- **ensure hashing algorithm is sha512**
Password-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure sha512 # <- **ensure hashing algorithm
is sha512**
Note:yescrypt
will be acceptable
- IF -
it becomes supported
Run the following command to update the files in the
/etc/pam.d/
directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <MODIFIED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable unix
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+(sha512|yescrypt)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc/pam.d |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
OBFUSCATED [PWD] |
| Subexpression |
String |
Exists |
obscure |
| Subexpression |
String |
Exists |
sha512 |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.3_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_a_strong_password_hashing_algorithm"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894157"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894157">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894157"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+(sha512|yescrypt)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/pam.d</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>OBFUSCATED [PWD]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td> obscure</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>sha512</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials |
| Description: |
Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.11 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets
the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include
application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to
the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.3.3.4.4 Ensure pam_unix includes use_authtok
Description:
use_authtok
- When password changing enforce the module to set the new password to the one provided
by a previously stacked password module
use_authtok
allows multiple pam modules to confirm a new password before it is accepted.
Run the following command:
# awk '/Password-Type:/{ f = 1;next } /-Type:/{ f = 0 } f {if (/pam_unix\.so/) print
FILENAME}' /usr/share/pam-configs/*
Edit any returned files add
use_authtok
to the
pam_unix
line in the
Password
section under
Password:
subsection:
Note:
The if the file's
Password
section includes a
Password-Initial:
subsection,
use_authtok
should not be added to the
pam_unix
line in the
Password-Initial:
subsection
Example File:
Name: Unix authentication
Default: yes
Priority: 256
Auth-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Auth" section
Auth:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so try_first_pass
Auth-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Account" section
Account:
[success=end new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Account-Initial:
[success=end new_authtok_reqd=done default=ignore] pam_unix.so
Session-Type: Additional # <- Start of "Session" section
Session:
required pam_unix.so
Session-Initial:
required pam_unix.so
Password-Type: Primary # <- Start of "Password" section
Password:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure use_authtok try_first_pass yescrypt
# <- **ensure line includes use_authtok**
Password-Initial:
[success=end default=ignore] pam_unix.so obscure yescrypt # <- **Password-Initial:
subsection does not include use_authtok
Run the following command to update the files in the
/etc/pam.d/
directory:
# pam-auth-update --enable <MODIFIED_PROFILE_NAME>
Example:
# pam-auth-update --enable unix
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern
(?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.3.3.4.4_Ensure_pam_unix_includes_use_authtok"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894158"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894158">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894158"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/pam.d/common-password exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*password\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_unix\.so(\h+[^#\n\r]+)?\h+use_authtok\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials |
| Description: |
Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.11 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets
the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include
application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to
the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.4 User Accounts and Environment
This section provides guidance on setting up secure defaults for system and user accounts
and their environment.
5.4.1 Configure shadow password suite parameters
While a majority of the password control parameters have been moved to PAM, some parameters
are still available through the shadow password suite. Any changes made to
/etc/login.defs
will only be applied if the
usermod
command is used. If user IDs are added a different way, use the
chage
command to effect changes to individual user IDs.
Fail5.4.1.1 Ensure password expiration is configured
Description:
The
PASS_MAX_DAYS
parameter in
/etc/login.defs
allows an administrator to force passwords to expire once they reach a defined age.
PASS_MAX_DAYS<N>
- The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older than
this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be assumed (which
disables the restriction).
The window of opportunity for an attacker to leverage compromised credentials or successfully
compromise credentials via an online brute force attack is limited by the age of the
password. Therefore, reducing the maximum age of a password also reduces an attacker's
window of opportunity.
We recommend a yearly password change. This is primarily because for all their good
intentions users will share credentials across accounts. Therefore, even if a breach
is publicly identified, the user may not see this notification, or forget they have
an account on that site. This could leave a shared credential vulnerable indefinitely.
Having an organizational policy of a 1-year (annual) password expiration is a reasonable
compromise to mitigate this with minimal user burden.
Set the
PASS_MAX_DAYS
parameter to conform to site policy in
/etc/login.defs
:
PASS_MAX_DAYS 365
Modify user parameters for all users with a password set to match:
# chage --maxdays 365 <user>
Edit
/etc/login.defs
and set
PASS_MAX_DAYS
to a value greater than
0
that follows local site policy:
Example:
PASS_MAX_DAYS 365
Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password
set to a maximum age no greater than
365
or less than
1
that follows local site policy:
# chage --maxdays <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($5 > 365 || $5 < 1)system ("chage --maxdays 365 " $1)}'
/etc/shadow
Warning:
If a password has been set at system install or kickstart, the
last change date
field is not set, In this case, setting
PASS_MAX_DAYS
will immediately expire the password. One possible solution is to populate the
last change date
field through a command like:
chage -d "$(date +%Y-%m-%d)" root
Impact:
The password expiration must be greater than the minimum days between password changes
or users will be unable to change their password.
Excessive password expiration requirements do more harm than good, because these requirements
make users select predictable passwords, composed of sequential words and numbers
that are closely related to each other. In these cases, the next password can be predicted
based on the previous one (incrementing a number used in the password for
example). Also, password expiration requirements offer no containment benefits because
attackers will often use credentials as soon as they compromise them. Instead, immediate
password changes should be based on key events including, but not limited to:
- Indication of compromise
- Change of user roles
- When a user leaves the organization.
Not only does changing passwords every few weeks or months frustrate the user, but
it’s also been suggested that it does more harm than good, because it could lead to
bad practices by the user such as adding a character to the end of their existing
password.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MAX_DAYS\h+(36[0-5]|3[0-5][0-9]|[1-2][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-9])\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - User: "gn" PASS_MAX_DAYS is: "99999"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "<" than "1"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.1_Ensure_password_expiration_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">CIS Password Policy Guide</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894161"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894161">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894161"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MAX_DAYS\h+(36[0-5]|3[0-5][0-9]|[1-2][0-9][0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|[1-9])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894163_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - User: "gn" PASS_MAX_DAYS is: "99999"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - User: "gn" PASS_MAX_DAYS is: "99999"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894165_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "<" than "1"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - All local users "PASS_MAX_DAYS" is not "<" than "1"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: CIS Password Policy Guide
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual5.4.1.2 Ensure minimum password days is configured
Description:
PASS_MIN_DAYS
<
N
> - The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password changes
attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, 0 will be assumed (which
disables the restriction).
Users may have favorite passwords that they like to use because they are easy to remember
and they believe that their password choice is secure from compromise. Unfortunately,
passwords are compromised and if an attacker is targeting a specific individual user
account, with foreknowledge of data about that user, reuse of old, potentially compromised
passwords, may cause a security breach.
By restricting the frequency of password changes, an administrator can prevent users
from repeatedly changing their password in an attempt to circumvent password reuse
controls
Edit
/etc/login.defs
and set
PASS_MIN_DAYS
to a value greater than
0
that follows local site policy:
Example:
PASS_MIN_DAYS 1
Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password
set to a minimum days greater than zero that follows local site policy:
# chage --mindays <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($4 < 1)system ("chage --mindays 1 " $1)}' /etc/shadow
Impact:
If a users password is set by other personnel as a procedure in dealing with a lost
or expired password, the user should be forced to update this "set" password with
their own password. e.g. force "change at next logon".
If it is not possible to have a user set their own password immediately, and this
recommendation or local site procedure may cause a user to continue using a third
party generated password,
PASS_MIN_DAYS
for the effected user should be temporally changed to
0
via
chage --mindays <user>
, to allow a user to change their password immediately.
For applications where the user is not using the password at console, the ability
to "change at next logon" may be limited. This may cause a user to continue to use
a password created by other personnel.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MIN_DAYS\h+[1-9][0-9]*\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - User: "gn" PASS_MIN_DAYS is: "0"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.2_Ensure_minimum_password_days_is_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>informational</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">CIS Password Policy Guide</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 :: IA-5 (1) (d)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: IA-5 (1).1 (v)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-08-020180 | Rule ID: SV-230364r627750 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: RHEL-08-020190 | Rule ID: SV-230365r858727 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010007 | Rule ID: SV-238202r1015140 | CAT III</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-411025 | Rule ID: SV-260545r1015007 | CAT III</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894167"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894167">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894167"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_MIN_DAYS\h+[1-9][0-9]*\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894169_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - User: "gn" PASS_MIN_DAYS is: "0"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - User: "gn" PASS_MIN_DAYS is: "0"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: CIS Password Policy Guide
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 :: IA-5 (1) (d)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: IA-5 (1).1 (v)
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-08-020180 | Rule ID: SV-230364r627750 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: RHEL-08-020190 | Rule ID: SV-230365r858727 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010007 | Rule ID: SV-238202r1015140 | CAT III
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-411025 | Rule ID: SV-260545r1015007 | CAT III
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.1.3 Ensure password expiration warning days is configured
Description:
The
PASS_WARN_AGE
parameter in
/etc/login.defs
allows an administrator to notify users that their password will expire in a defined
number of days.
PASS_WARN_AGE<N>
- The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means warning
is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given.
If not specified, no warning will be provided.
Providing an advance warning that a password will be expiring gives users time to
think of a secure password. Users caught unaware may choose a simple password or write
it down where it may be discovered.
Edit
/etc/login.defs
and set
PASS_WARN_AGE
to a value of
7
or more that follows local site policy:
Example:
PASS_WARN_AGE 7
Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password
set to a minimum warning to
7
or more days that follows local site policy:
# chage --warndays <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($6 < 7)system ("chage --warndays 7 " $1)}' /etc/shadow
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/login.defs |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
login.defs |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
(?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
PASS_WARN_AGE 7 |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
PASS_WARN_AGE 7 |
| Subexpression |
String |
Exists |
7 |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
| Script: |
sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - All local users "PASS_WARN_AGE" is not "<" than "7"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.3_Ensure_password_expiration_warning_days_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894171"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894171">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894171"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/login.defs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>login.defs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(?i)^\h*PASS_WARN_AGE\h+([7-9]|[1-9][0-9]+)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>PASS_WARN_AGE 7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>PASS_WARN_AGE 7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894173_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - All local users "PASS_WARN_AGE" is not "<" than "7"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - All local users "PASS_WARN_AGE" is not "<" than "7"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.1.4 Ensure strong password hashing algorithm is configured
Description:
A cryptographic hash function converts an arbitrary-length input into a fixed length
output. Password hashing performs a one-way transformation of a password, turning
the password into another string, called the hashed password.
ENCRYPT_METHOD
(string) - This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords
(if no algorithm are specified on the command line). It can take one of these values:
- MD5
- MD5-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
- SHA256
- SHA256-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
- SHA512
- SHA512-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
- BCRYPT
- BCRYPT-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
- YESCRYPT
- YESCRYPT-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password
- DES
- DES-based algorithm will be used for encrypting password (default)
Note:
-
This parameter overrides the deprecated
MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
variable.
- This parameter will only affect the generation of group passwords.
- The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration.
- It is recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration.
The
SHA-512
and
yescrypt
algorithms provide a stronger hash than other algorithms used by Linux for password
hash generation. A stronger hash provides additional protection to the system by increasing
the level of effort needed for an attacker to successfully determine local group passwords.
Edit
/etc/login.defs
and set the
ENCRYPT_METHOD
to
SHA512
or
YESCRYPT
:
ENCRYPT_METHOD <HASHING_ALGORITHM>
Example:
ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT
Note:
-
This only effects local groups' passwords created after updating the file to use
sha512
or
yescrypt
.
-
If it is determined that the password algorithm being used is not
sha512
or
yescrypt
, once it is changed, it is recommended that all group passwords be updated to use
the stronger hashing algorithm.
-
It is recommended that the chosen hashing algorithm is consistent across
/etc/login.defs
and the PAM configuration
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/login.defs |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
login.defs |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
(?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512 |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512 |
| Subexpression |
String |
Exists |
SHA512 |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.4_Ensure_strong_password_hashing_algorithm_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894176"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894176">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894176"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/login.defs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>login.defs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(?i)^\h*ENCRYPT_METHOD\h+(SHA512|YESCRYPT)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>SHA512</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials |
| Description: |
Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.11 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets
the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include
application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to
the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.4.1.5 Ensure inactive password lock is configured
Description:
User accounts that have been inactive for over a given period of time can be automatically
disabled.
INACTIVE
- Defines the number of days after the password exceeded its maximum age where the
user is expected to replace this password.
The value is stored in the shadow password file. An input of
0
will disable an expired password with no delay. An input of
-1
will blank the respective field in the shadow password file.
Inactive accounts pose a threat to system security since the users are not logging
in to notice failed login attempts or other anomalies.
Run the following command to set the default password inactivity period to 45 days
or less that meets local site policy:
# useradd -D -f <N>
Example:
# useradd -D -f 45
Run the following command to modify user parameters for all users with a password
set to a inactive age of
45
days or less that follows local site policy:
# chage --inactive <N> <user>
Example:
# awk -F: '($2~/^\$.+\$/) {if($7 > 45 || $7 < 0)system ("chage --inactive 45 " $1)}'
/etc/shadow
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/useradd exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*INACTIVE\h*=\h*(4[0-5]|[1-3][0-9]|[0-9])\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - All local users "INACTIVE" is not ">" than "45"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - User: "gn" INACTIVE is: ""
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.5_Ensure_inactive_password_lock_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">CIS Password Policy Guide</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894178"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894178">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894178"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/default/useradd exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*INACTIVE\h*=\h*(4[0-5]|[1-3][0-9]|[0-9])\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894180_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - All local users "INACTIVE" is not ">" than "45"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - All local users "INACTIVE" is not ">" than "45"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894182_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - User: "gn" INACTIVE is: ""</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_shadow_field_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - User: "gn" INACTIVE is: ""</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: CIS Password Policy Guide
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.1.6 Ensure all users last password change date is in the past
Description:
All users should have a password change date in the past.
If a user's recorded password change date is in the future, then they could bypass
any set password expiration.
Investigate any users with a password change date in the future and correct them.
Locking the account, expiring the password, or resetting the password manually may
be appropriate.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_password_change_past.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - All user password changes are in the past
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.1.6_Ensure_all_users_last_password_change_date_is_in_the_past"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_password_change_past.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_password_change_past.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_password_change_past.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - All user password changes are in the past </l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_password_change_past.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - All user password changes are in the past </li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.4.2 Configure root and system accounts and environment
Pass5.4.2.1 Ensure root is the only UID 0 account
Description:
Any account with UID 0 has superuser privileges on the system.
This access must be limited to only the default
root
account and only from the system console. Administrative access must be through an
unprivileged account using an approved mechanism as noted in the Recommendation "Ensure
access to the su command is restricted".
Run the following command to change the
root
account UID to
0
:
# usermod -u 0 root
Modify any users other than
root
with UID
0
and assign them a new UID.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No unauthorized user's UID is: "0"
- - User "root" UID is correctly set to: "0"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.1_Ensure_root_is_the_only_UID_0_account"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894186_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No unauthorized user's UID is: "0"</l>
<l> - User "root" UID is correctly set to: "0"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_user_uid_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No unauthorized user's UID is: "0"</li>
<li> - User "root" UID is correctly set to: "0"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.2.2 Ensure root is the only GID 0 account
Description:
The
usermod
command can be used to specify which group the
root
account belongs to. This affects permissions of files that are created by the
root
account.
Using GID 0 for the
root
account helps prevent
root
-owned files from accidentally becoming accessible to non-privileged users.
Run the following command to set the
root
user's GID to
0
:
# usermod -g 0 root
Run the following command to set the
root
group's GID to
0
:
# groupmod -g 0 root
Remove any users other than the
root
user with GID 0 or assign them a new GID if appropriate.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No unauthorized user's GID is: "0"
- - User "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.2_Ensure_root_is_the_only_GID_0_account"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894188_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No unauthorized user's GID is: "0"</l>
<l> - User "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_user_gid_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No unauthorized user's GID is: "0"</li>
<li> - User "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.2.3 Ensure group root is the only GID 0 group
Description:
The
groupmod
command can be used to specify which group the
root
group belongs to. This affects permissions of files that are group owned by the
root
group.
Using GID 0 for the
root
group helps prevent
root
group owned files from accidentally becoming accessible to non-privileged users.
Run the following command to set the
root
group's GID to
0
:
# groupmod -g 0 root
Remove any groups other than the
root
group with GID 0 or assign them a new GID if appropriate.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No unauthorized group's GID is: "0"
- - Group "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.3_Ensure_group_root_is_the_only_GID_0_group"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.561+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894191_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No unauthorized group's GID is: "0"</l>
<l> - Group "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_gid_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No unauthorized group's GID is: "0"</li>
<li> - Group "root" GID is correctly set to: "0"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.2.4 Ensure root account access is controlled
Description:
There are a number of methods to access the root account directly. Without a password
set any user would be able to gain access and thus control over the entire system.
Access to
root
should be secured at all times.
Run the following command to set a password for the
root
user:
# passwd root
- OR -
Run the following command to lock the
root
user account:
# usermod -L root
Impact:
If there are any automated processes that relies on access to the root account without
authentication, they will fail after remediation.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_root_account_access_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - User account: "root" is locked
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.4_Ensure_root_account_access_is_controlled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_root_account_access_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_root_account_access_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_root_account_access_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - User account: "root" is locked</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_root_account_access_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - User account: "root" is locked</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.2.5 Ensure root path integrity
Description:
The
root
user can execute any command on the system and could be fooled into executing programs
unintentionally if the
PATH
is not set correctly.
Including the current working directory (.) or other writable directory in
root
's executable path makes it likely that an attacker can gain superuser access by forcing
an administrator operating as
root
to execute a Trojan horse program.
Correct or justify any:
- Locations that are not directories
-
Empty directories (
::
)
-
Trailing (
:
)
-
Current working directory (
.
)
-
Non
root
owned directories
-
Directories that less restrictive than mode
0755
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - root's path doesn't contain an empty directory (::)
- - root's path doesn't contain a trailing (:)
- - root's path doesn't contain current working directory (.)
- - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"
- - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755"
or more restrictive
- - Directory: "/usr/local/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"
- - Directory: "/usr/local/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755"
or more restrictive
- - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"
- - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more
restrictive
- - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"
- - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more
restrictive
- - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"
- - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more
restrictive
- - Directory: "/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"
- - Directory: "/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive
- - Directory: "/snap/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"
- - Directory: "/snap/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more
restrictive
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.5_Ensure_root_path_integrity"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - root's path doesn't contain an empty directory (::)</l>
<l> - root's path doesn't contain a trailing (:)</l>
<l> - root's path doesn't contain current working directory (.)</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/local/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/local/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
<l> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
<l> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
<l> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - Directory: "/snap/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</l>
<l> - Directory: "/snap/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_root_path_integrity_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - root's path doesn't contain an empty directory (::)</li>
<li> - root's path doesn't contain a trailing (:)</li>
<li> - root's path doesn't contain current working directory (.)</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/local/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/local/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/local/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
<li> - Directory: "/usr/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
<li> - Directory: "/sbin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
<li> - Directory: "/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - Directory: "/snap/bin" is correctly owned by: "root"</li>
<li> - Directory: "/snap/bin" is correctly mode: "0755" and should be mode: "755" or more restrictive</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Fail5.4.2.6 Ensure root user umask is configured
Description:
The user file-creation mode mask (
umask
) is used to determine the file permission for newly created directories and files.
In Linux, the default permissions for any newly created directory is 0777 (
rwxrwxrwx
), and for any newly created file it is 0666 (
rw-rw-rw-
). The
umask
modifies the default Linux permissions by restricting (masking) these permissions.
The
umask
is not simply subtracted, but is processed bitwise. Bits set in the
umask
are cleared in the resulting file mode.
umask
can be set with either
Octal
or
Symbolic
values:
- Octal
(Numeric) Value - Represented by either three or four digits. ie
umask 0027
or
umask 027
. If a four digit umask is used, the first digit is ignored. The remaining three
digits effect the resulting permissions for user, group, and world/other respectively.
- Symbolic
Value - Represented by a comma separated list for User
u
, group
g
, and world/other
o
. The permissions listed are not masked by
umask
. ie a
umask
set by
umask u=rwx,g=rx,o=
is the
Symbolic
equivalent of the
Octalumask 027
. This
umask
would set a newly created directory with file mode
drwxr-x---
and a newly created file with file mode
rw-r-----
.
root user Shell Configuration Files:
- /root/.bash_profile
- Is executed to configure the root users' shell before the initial command prompt.
Is only read by login shells.
- /root/.bashrc
- Is executed for interactive shells.
only read by a shell that's both interactive and non-login
umask
is set by order of precedence. If
umask
is set in multiple locations, this order of precedence will determine the system's
default
umask
.
Order of precedence:
- /root/.bash_profile
- /root/.bashrc
- The system default umask
Setting a secure value for
umask
ensures that users make a conscious choice about their file permissions. A permissive
umask
value could result in directories or files with excessive permissions that can be
read and/or written to by unauthorized users.
Edit
/root/.bash_profile
and
/root/.bashrc
and remove, comment out, or update any line with
umask
to be
0027
or more restrictive.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /root/.bash_profile exists and matches pattern ^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1, |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /root/.bashrc exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3} |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1, |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Textfilecontent Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Filepath |
String |
Exists |
/etc/login.defs |
| Path |
String |
Exists |
/etc |
| Filename |
String |
Exists |
login.defs |
| Pattern |
String |
Exists |
(?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}\b))) |
| Instance |
Int |
Exists |
1 |
| Line |
String |
Exists |
UMASK 022 |
| Text |
String |
Exists |
UMASK 022 |
| Subexpression |
String |
Exists |
022 |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Subexpression |
String |
Exists |
022 |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Subexpression |
String |
Does not exist |
No Value |
| Windows View |
String |
Not collected |
No Value |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.6_Ensure_root_user_umask_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894197"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894197">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894197"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /root/.bash_profile exists and matches pattern ^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894198"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894198">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894198"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /root/.bashrc exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894199"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894199">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894199"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/login.defs exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Textfilecontent Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Filepath</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc/login.defs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Path</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>/etc</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Filename</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>login.defs</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pattern</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(?i)^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}\b)))</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Instance</td>
<td>Int</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Line</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UMASK 022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Text</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UMASK 022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>022</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Subexpression</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Does not exist</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Windows View</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Not collected</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.2.7 Ensure system accounts do not have a valid login shell
Description:
There are a number of accounts provided with most distributions that are used to manage
applications and are not intended to provide an interactive shell. Furthermore, a
user may add special accounts that are not intended to provide an interactive shell.
It is important to make sure that accounts that are not being used by regular users
are prevented from being used to provide an interactive shell. By default, most distributions
set the password field for these accounts to an invalid string, but it is also recommended
that the shell field in the password file be set to the
nologin
shell. This prevents the account from potentially being used to run any commands.
Run the following command to set the shell for any service accounts returned by the
audit to
nologin
:
# usermod -s $(command -v nologin) <user>
Example script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}'
| paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '($1!~/^(root|halt|sync|shutdown|nfsnobody)$/ &&
($3<'"$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)"' || $3 == 65534) && $(NF)
~ pat) {system ("usermod -s '"$(command -v nologin)"' " $1)}' /etc/passwd
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - All service accounts are locked
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.7_Ensure_system_accounts_do_not_have_a_valid_login_shell"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - All service accounts are locked</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_system_account_no_login_shell_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - All service accounts are locked</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass5.4.2.8 Ensure accounts without a valid login shell are locked
Description:
There are a number of accounts provided with most distributions that are used to manage
applications and are not intended to provide an interactive shell. Furthermore, a
user may add special accounts that are not intended to provide an interactive shell.
It is important to make sure that accounts that are not being used by regular users
are prevented from being used to provide an interactive shell. By default, most distributions
set the password field for these accounts to an invalid string, but it is also recommended
that the shell field in the password file be set to the
nologin
shell. This prevents the account from potentially being used to run any commands.
Run the following command to lock any non-root accounts without a valid login shell
returned by the audit:
# usermod -L <user>
Example script:
:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_valid_shells="^($(awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}'
| paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
while IFS= read -r l_user; do
passwd -S "$l_user" | awk '$2 !~ /^L/ {system ("usermod -L " $1)}'
done < <(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '($1 != "root" && $(NF) !~ pat) {print $1}'
/etc/passwd)
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - All accounts without a valid login shell are locked
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.2.8_Ensure_accounts_without_a_valid_login_shell_are_locked"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - All accounts without a valid login shell are locked</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_account_no_login_shell_locked_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - All accounts without a valid login shell are locked</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-2(5), AC-3, AC-11, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
5.4.3 Configure user default environment
Pass5.4.3.1 Ensure nologin is not listed in /etc/shells
Description:
/etc/shells
is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid login shells. This file
is consulted by
chsh
and available to be queried by other programs.
Be aware that there are programs which consult this file to find out if a user is
a normal user; for example, FTP daemons traditionally disallow access to users with
shells not included in this file.
A user can use
chsh
to change their configured shell.
If a user has a shell configured that isn't in in
/etc/shells
, then the system assumes that they're somehow restricted. In the case of
chsh
it means that the user cannot change that value.
Other programs might query that list and apply similar restrictions.
By putting
nologin
in
/etc/shells
, any user that has
nologin
as its shell is considered a full, unrestricted user. This is not the expected behavior
for
nologin
.
Edit
/etc/shells
and remove any lines that include
nologin
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/shells exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\/nologin\b |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.1_Ensure_nologin_is_not_listed_in_etcshells"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">shells(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894202"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6894202">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6894202"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/shells exists and matches pattern ^\h*([^#\n\r]+)?\/nologin\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: shells(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Fail5.4.3.2 Ensure default user shell timeout is configured
Description:
TMOUT
is an environmental setting that determines the timeout of a shell in seconds.
-
TMOUT=
n
- Sets the shell timeout to
n
seconds. A setting of
TMOUT=0
disables timeout.
- readonly TMOUT- Sets the TMOUT environmental variable as readonly, preventing unwanted
modification during run-time.
- export TMOUT - exports the TMOUT variable
System Wide Shell Configuration Files:
- /etc/profile
- used to set system wide environmental variables on users shells. The variables are
sometimes the same ones that are in the
.bash_profile
, however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for all shell users of the
system.
is only executed for interactive
login
shells, or shells executed with the --login parameter.
- /etc/profile.d
-
/etc/profile
will execute the scripts within
/etc/profile.d/*.sh
. It is recommended to place your configuration in a shell script within
/etc/profile.d
to set your own system wide environmental variables.
- /etc/bash.bashrc
- System wide version of
.bashrc
. In Fedora derived distributions,
/etc/bashrc
also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if
non-login
shell, but redirects output to
/dev/null
if
non-interactive.
Is only executed for
interactive
shells or if
BASH_ENV
is set to
/etc/bash.bashrc
.
Setting a timeout value reduces the window of opportunity for unauthorized user access
to another user's shell session that has been left unattended. It also ends the inactive
session and releases the resources associated with that session.
Review
/etc/bashrc
,
/etc/profile
, and all files ending in
*.sh
in the
/etc/profile.d/
directory and remove or edit all
TMOUT=_n_
entries to follow local site policy.
TMOUT
should not exceed 900 or be equal to
0
.
Configure
TMOUT
in
one
of the following files:
-
A file in the
/etc/profile.d/
directory ending in
.sh
- /etc/profile
- /etc/bashrc
Example command to set TMOUT to
900
seconds in a file in
/etc/profile.d/
:
# printf '%s\n' "# Set TMOUT to 900 seconds" "typeset -xr TMOUT=900" > /etc/profile.d/50-tmout.sh
TMOUT
configuration examples:
typeset -xr TMOUT=900
Deprecated methods:
TMOUT=900
readonly TMOUT
export TMOUT
readonly TMOUT=900 ; export TMOUT
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- * Reasons for audit failure *
- - TMOUT is not configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.2_Ensure_default_user_shell_timeout_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894203_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> * Reasons for audit failure *</l>
<l> - TMOUT is not configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_tmout_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> * Reasons for audit failure *</li>
<li> - TMOUT is not configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.11 |
| Label: |
Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity |
| Description: |
Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Automatic Session Locking on Enterprise Assets |
| Description: |
Configure automatic session locking on enterprise assets after a defined period of
inactivity. For general purpose operating systems, the period must not exceed 15 minutes.
For mobile end-user devices, the period must not exceed 2 minutes. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail5.4.3.3 Ensure default user umask is configured
Description:
The user file-creation mode mask (
umask
) is used to determine the file permission for newly created directories and files.
In Linux, the default permissions for any newly created directory is 0777 (
rwxrwxrwx
), and for any newly created file it is 0666 (
rw-rw-rw-
). The
umask
modifies the default Linux permissions by restricting (masking) these permissions.
The
umask
is not simply subtracted, but is processed bitwise. Bits set in the
umask
are cleared in the resulting file mode.
umask
can be set with either
Octal
or
Symbolic
values:
- Octal
(Numeric) Value - Represented by either three or four digits. ie
umask 0027
or
umask 027
. If a four digit umask is used, the first digit is ignored. The remaining three
digits effect the resulting permissions for user, group, and world/other respectively.
- Symbolic
Value - Represented by a comma separated list for User
u
, group
g
, and world/other
o
. The permissions listed are not masked by
umask
. ie a
umask
set by
umask u=rwx,g=rx,o=
is the
Symbolic
equivalent of the
Octalumask 027
. This
umask
would set a newly created directory with file mode
drwxr-x---
and a newly created file with file mode
rw-r-----
.
The default
umask
can be set to use the
pam_umask
module or in a
System Wide Shell Configuration File
. The user creating the directories or files has the discretion of changing the permissions
via the chmod command, or choosing a different default
umask
by adding the
umask
command into a
User Shell Configuration File
, (
.bash_profile
or
.bashrc
), in their home directory.
Setting the default umask:
-
pam_umask module:
-
will set the umask according to the system default in
/etc/login.defs
and user settings, solving the problem of different
umask
settings with different shells, display managers, remote sessions etc.
- umask=<mask>
value in the
/etc/login.defs
file is interpreted as Octal
-
Setting
USERGROUPS_ENAB
to yes in
/etc/login.defs
(default):
-
will enable setting of the
umask
group bits to be the same as owner bits. (examples: 022 -> 002, 077 -> 007) for non-root
users, if the
uid
is the same as
gid
, and
username
is the same as the
<primary group name>
- userdel will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and useradd will
create by default a group with the name of the user
- System Wide Shell Configuration File
:
- /etc/profile
- used to set system wide environmental variables on users shells. The variables are
sometimes the same ones that are in the
.bash_profile
, however this file is used to set an initial PATH or PS1 for all shell users of the
system.
is only executed for interactive
login
shells, or shells executed with the --login parameter.
- /etc/profile.d
-
/etc/profile
will execute the scripts within
/etc/profile.d/*.sh
. It is recommended to place your configuration in a shell script within
/etc/profile.d
to set your own system wide environmental variables.
- /etc/bashrc
- System wide version of
.bashrc
. In Fedora derived distributions,
etc/bashrc
also invokes /etc/profile.d/*.sh if
non-login
shell, but redirects output to
/dev/null
if
non-interactive.
Is only executed for
interactive
shells or if
BASH_ENV
is set to
/etc/bashrc
.
User Shell Configuration Files:
- ~/.bash_profile
- Is executed to configure your shell before the initial command prompt.
Is only read by login shells.
- ~/.bashrc
- Is executed for interactive shells.
only read by a shell that's both interactive and non-login
umask
is set by order of precedence. If
umask
is set in multiple locations, this order of precedence will determine the system's
default
umask
.
Order of precedence:
-
A file in
/etc/profile.d/
ending in
.sh
- This will override any other system-wide
umask
setting
-
In the file
/etc/profile
-
On the
pam_umask.so
module in
/etc/pam.d/postlogin
-
In the file
/etc/login.defs
-
In the file
/etc/default/login
Setting a secure default value for
umask
ensures that users make a conscious choice about their file permissions. A permissive
umask
value could result in directories or files with excessive permissions that can be
read and/or written to by unauthorized users.
Run the following script and perform the instructions in the output to set the default
umask to
027
or more restrictive:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_output="" l_output2="" l_out=""
file_umask_chk()
{
if grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(0?[0-7][2-7]7|u(=[rwx]{0,3}),g=([rx]{0,2}),o=)(\h*#.*)?$'
"$l_file"; then
l_out="$l_out\n - umask is set correctly in \"$l_file\""
elif grep -Psiq -- '^\h*umask\h+(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|(u=[rwx]{1,3},)?(((g=[rx]?[rx]?w[rx]?[rx]?\b)(,o=[rwx]{1,3})?)|((g=[wrx]{1,3},)?o=[wrx]{1,3}\b)))'
"$l_file"; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_file\""
fi
}
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
file_umask_chk
done < <(find /etc/profile.d/ -type f -name '*.sh' -print0)
[ -n "$l_out" ] && l_output="$l_out"
l_file="/etc/profile" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/bashrc" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/bash.bashrc" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/pam.d/postlogin"
if grep -Psiq '^\h*session\h+[^#\n\r]+\h+pam_umask\.so\h+([^#\n\r]+\h+)?umask=(([0-7][0-7][01][0-7]\b|[0-7][0-7][0-7][0-6]\b)|([0-7][01][0-7]\b))'
"$l_file"; then
l_output2="$l_output2\n - \"$l_file\""
fi
l_file="/etc/login.defs" && file_umask_chk
l_file="/etc/default/login" && file_umask_chk
if [ -z "$l_output2" ]; then
echo -e " - No files contain a UMASK that is not restrictive enough\n No UMASK updates
required to existing files"
else
echo -e "\n - UMASK is not restrictive enough in the following file(s):$l_output2\n\n-
Remediation Procedure:\n - Update these files and comment out the UMASK line\n or
update umask to be \"0027\" or more restrictive"
fi
if [ -n "$l_output" ]; then
echo -e "$l_output"
else
echo -e " - Configure UMASK in a file in the \"/etc/profile.d/\" directory ending
in \".sh\"\n\n Example Command (Hash to represent being run at a root prompt):\n\n#
printf '%s\\\n' \"umask 027\" > /etc/profile.d/50-systemwide_umask.sh\n"
fi
}
Notes:
- This method only applies to bash and shell. If other shells are supported on the system,
it is recommended that their configuration files also are checked
-
If the
pam_umask.so
module is going to be used to set
umask
, ensure that it's not being overridden by another setting. Refer to the PAM_UMASK(8)
man page for more information
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - umask is incorrectly set in "/etc/login.defs"
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_5.4.3.3_Ensure_default_user_umask_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - umask is incorrectly set in "/etc/login.defs"</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_umask_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - umask is incorrectly set in "/etc/login.defs"</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
6 Logging and Auditing
The items in this section describe how to configure logging, log monitoring, and auditing,
using tools included in most distributions.
It is recommended that rsyslog
be used for logging (with
logwatch
providing summarization) and
auditd
be used for auditing (with
aureport
providing summarization) to automatically monitor logs for intrusion attempts and
other suspicious system behavior.
In addition to the local log files created by the steps in this section, it is also
recommended that sites collect copies of their system logs on a secure, centralized
log server via an encrypted connection. Not only does centralized logging help sites
correlate events that may be occurring on multiple systems, but having a second copy
of the system log information may be critical after a system compromise where the
attacker has modified the local log files on the affected system(s). If a log correlation
system is deployed, configure it to process the logs described in this section.
Because it is often necessary to correlate log information from many different systems
(particularly after a security incident) it is recommended that the time be synchronized
among systems and devices connected to the local network. The standard Internet protocol
for time synchronization is the Network Time Protocol (NTP), which is supported by
most network-ready devices. Reference <
http://chrony.tuxfamily.org/
> manual page for more information on configuring chrony.
It is important that all logs described in this section be monitored on a regular
basis and correlated to determine trends. A seemingly innocuous entry in one log could
be more significant when compared to an entry in another log.
Note on log file permissions:
There really isn't a "one size fits all" solution to the permissions on log files.
Many sites utilize group permissions so that administrators who are in a defined security
group, such as "wheel" do not have to elevate privileges to root in order to read
log files. Also, if a third party log aggregation tool is used, it may need to have
group permissions to read the log files, which is preferable to having it run setuid
to root. Therefore, there are two remediation and audit steps for log file permissions.
One is for systems that do not have a secured group method implemented that only permits
root to read the log files (
root:root 600
). The other is for sites that do have such a setup and are designated as
root:securegrp 640
where securegrp
is the defined security group (in some cases
wheel
).
6.1 Configure Integrity Checking
AIDE is a file integrity checking tool, similar in nature to Tripwire. While it cannot
prevent intrusions, it can detect unauthorized changes to configuration files by alerting
when the files are changed. When setting up AIDE, decide internally what the site
policy will be concerning integrity checking. Review the AIDE quick start guide and
AIDE documentation before proceeding.
Fail6.1.1 Ensure AIDE is installed
Description:
AIDE takes a snapshot of filesystem state including modification times, permissions,
and file hashes which can then be used to compare against the current state of the
filesystem to detect modifications to the system.
By monitoring the filesystem state compromised files can be detected to prevent or
limit the exposure of accidental or malicious misconfigurations or modified binaries.
Install AIDE using the appropriate package manager or manual installation:
# apt install aide aide-common
Configure AIDE as appropriate for your environment. Consult the AIDE documentation
for options.
Run the following commands to initialize AIDE:
# aideinit
# mv /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new /var/lib/aide/aide.db
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'aide' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'aide-common' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.1_Ensure_AIDE_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/14"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010450 | Rule ID: SV-238371r958944 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-651010 | Rule ID: SV-260582r958944 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893493"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893493">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893493"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'aide' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893494"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893494">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893494"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'aide-common' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010450 | Rule ID: SV-238371r958944 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-651010 | Rule ID: SV-260582r958944 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.9 |
| Label: |
Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to Sensitive Data |
| Description: |
Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to sensitive
data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security Information and
Event Monitoring). |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.14 |
| Label: |
Log Sensitive Data Access |
| Description: |
Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-3 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.1.2 Ensure filesystem integrity is regularly checked
Description:
Periodic checking of the filesystem integrity is needed to detect changes to the filesystem.
Periodic file checking allows the system administrator to determine on a regular basis
if critical files have been changed in an unauthorized fashion.
Run the following command to unmask
dailyaidecheck.timer
and
dailyaidecheck.service
:
# systemctl unmask dailyaidecheck.timer dailyaidecheck.service
Run the following command to enable and start
dailyaidecheck.timer
:
# systemctl --now enable dailyaidecheck.timer
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.timer' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dailyaidecheck.timer |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.timer' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dailyaidecheck.timer |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'static' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dailyaidecheck.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
dailyaidecheck.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.2_Ensure_filesystem_integrity_is_regularly_checked"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/14"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.service</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.timer</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893495"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893495_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893495"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893495">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893495"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.timer' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dailyaidecheck.timer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893496"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893496_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893496"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893496">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893496"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.timer' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dailyaidecheck.timer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893497"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893497_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893497"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893497">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893497"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'static'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dailyaidecheck.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893498"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893498_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893498"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893498">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893498"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'dailyaidecheck.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>dailyaidecheck.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.service
- URL: https://github.com/konstruktoid/hardening/blob/master/config/aidecheck.timer
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.9 |
| Label: |
Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to Sensitive Data |
| Description: |
Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to sensitive
data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security Information and
Event Monitoring). |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.14 |
| Label: |
Log Sensitive Data Access |
| Description: |
Log sensitive data access, including modification and disposal. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-3 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.1.3 Ensure cryptographic mechanisms are used to protect the integrity of audit tools
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit
tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity
and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Protecting the integrity of the tools used for auditing purposes is a critical step
toward ensuring the integrity of audit information. Audit information includes all
information (e.g., audit records, audit settings, and audit reports) needed to successfully
audit information system activity.
Attackers may replace the audit tools or inject code into the existing tools with
the purpose of providing the capability to hide or erase system activity from the
audit logs.
Audit tools should be cryptographically signed in order to provide the capability
to identify when the audit tools have been modified, manipulated, or replaced. An
example is a checksum hash of the file or files.
Add or update the following selection lines for to a file ending in
.conf
in the /etc/aide/aide.conf.d/ or to
/etc/aide/aide.conf
to protect the integrity of the audit tools:
# Audit Tools
/sbin/auditctl p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/auditd p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/ausearch p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/aureport p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/autrace p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
/sbin/augenrules p+i+n+u+g+s+b+acl+xattrs+sha512
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_audit_tools_cryptographic_mechanisms_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Start - Determine system's package manager
- - system is apt based
- - system uses apt package manager
- - End - Determine system's package manager
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - AIDE is not installed on the system.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.1.3_Ensure_cryptographic_mechanisms_are_used_to_protect_the_integrity_of_audit_tools"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.562+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_audit_tools_cryptographic_mechanisms_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_audit_tools_cryptographic_mechanisms_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_audit_tools_cryptographic_mechanisms_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l>- Start - Determine system's package manager</l>
<l>- system is apt based</l>
<l>- system uses apt package manager</l>
<l>- End - Determine system's package manager</l>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - AIDE is not installed on the system.</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_audit_tools_cryptographic_mechanisms_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li>- Start - Determine system's package manager</li>
<li>- system is apt based</li>
<li>- system uses apt package manager</li>
<li>- End - Determine system's package manager</li>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - AIDE is not installed on the system.</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
6.2 System Logging
Logging services should be configured to prevent information leaks and to aggregate
logs on a remote server so that they can be reviewed in the event of a system compromise.
A centralized log server provides a single point of entry for further analysis, monitoring
and filtering.
Security principals for logging
- Ensure transport layer security is implemented between the client and the log server.
- Ensure that logs are rotated as per the environment requirements.
- Ensure all locally generated logs have the appropriate permissions.
- Ensure all security logs are sent to a remote log server.
- Ensure the required events are logged.
What is covered
This section will cover the minimum best practices for the usage of
eitherrsyslog- OR -journald
. The recommendations are written such that each is wholly independent of each other
and only one is implemented
.
-
If your organization makes use of an enterprise wide logging system completely outside
of rsyslog
or journald
, then the following recommendations do not directly apply. However, the principals
of the recommendations should be followed regardless of what solution is implemented.
If the enterprise solution incorporates either of these tools, careful consideration
should be given to the following recommendations to determine exactly what applies.
-
Should your organization make use of both
rsyslog
and journald
, take care how the recommendations may or may not apply to you.
What is not covered
-
Enterprise logging systems not utilizing
rsyslog
or journald
. As logging is very situational and dependent on the local environment, not everything
can be covered here.
-
Transport layer security should be applied to all remote logging functionality. Both
rsyslog
and journald
supports secure transport and should be configured as such.
- The log server. There are a multitude of reasons for a centralized log server (and
keeping a short period logging on the local system), but the log server is out of
scope for these recommendations.
6.2.1 Configure systemd-journald service
systemd-journald
is a system service that collects and stores logging data. It creates and maintains
structured, indexed journals based on logging information that is received from a
variety of sources:
- Kernel log messages, via kmsg
- Simple system log messages, via the libc syslog call
- Structured system log messages via the native Journal API
- Standard output and standard error of service units
- Audit records, originating from the kernel audit subsystem
The daemon will implicitly collect numerous metadata fields for each log messages
in a secure and unfakeable way. See systemd.journal-fields man page for more information
about the collected metadata.
The journal service stores log data either persistently below
/var/log/journal
or in a volatile way below
/run/log/journal/
. By default, log data is stored persistently if
/var/log/journal/
exists during boot, with an implicit fallback to volatile storage. Use
Storage=
in journald.conf
to configure where log data is placed, independently of the existence of
/var/log/journal/
.
On systems where
/var/log/journal/
does not exist but where persistent logging is desired, and the default
journald.conf
is used, it is sufficient to create the directory and ensure it has the correct access
modes and ownership.
Note:systemd-journald.service
must be configured appropriately for either
journald- OR -rsyslog
to operate effectively.
Pass6.2.1.1 Ensure journald service is enabled and active
Description:
Ensure that the
systemd-journald
service is enabled to allow capturing of logging events.
If the
systemd-journald
service is not enabled to start on boot, the system will not capture logging events.
Run the following commands to unmask and start
systemd-journald.service
# systemctl unmask systemd-journald.service
# systemctl start systemd-journald.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'static' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journald.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
static |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journald.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.1_Ensure_journald_service_is_enabled_and_active"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893503"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893503_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893503"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893503">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893503"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'static'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journald.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>static</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893506"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893506_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893506"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893506">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893506"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journald.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Manual6.2.1.2 Ensure journald log file access is configured
Description:
Journald will create logfiles that do not already exist on the system. This setting
controls what permissions will be applied to these newly created files.
It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that
sensitive data is archived and protected.
If the default configuration is not appropriate for the site specific requirements,
copy
/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf
to
/etc/tmpfiles.d/systemd.conf
and modify as required. Recommended mode for logfiles is
0640
or more restrictive.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
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xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
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xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
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role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-12, MP-2, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-12, MP-2, SI-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual6.2.1.3 Ensure journald log file rotation is configured
Description:
Journald includes the capability of rotating log files regularly to avoid filling
up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. The file
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
is the configuration file used to specify how logs generated by Journald should be
rotated.
By keeping the log files smaller and more manageable, a system administrator can easily
archive these files to another system and spend less time looking through inordinately
large log files.
Edit
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
or a file ending in
.conf
the
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
directory. Set the following parameters in the
[Journal]
section to ensure logs are rotated according to site policy. The settings should be
carefully understood as there are specific edge cases and prioritization of parameters.
Example Configuration
:
[Journal]
SystemMaxUse=1G
SystemKeepFree=500M
RuntimeMaxUse=200M
RuntimeKeepFree=50M
MaxFileSec=1month
Example script to create systemd drop-in configuration file:
{
a_settings=("SystemMaxUse=1G" "SystemKeepFree=500M" "RuntimeMaxUse=200M" "RuntimeKeepFree=50M"
"MaxFileSec=1month")
[ ! -d /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/ ] && mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
if grep -Psq -- '^\h*\[Journal\]' /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf; then
printf '%s\n' "" "${a_settings[@]}" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf
else
printf '%s\n' "" "[Journal]" "${a_settings[@]}" >> /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/60-journald.conf
fi
}
Note:
- If these settings appear in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
- Logfile size and configuration to move logfiles to a remote log server should be accounted
for when configuring these settings
Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.1.3_Ensure_journald_log_file_rotation_is_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
6.2.2 Configure journald
Included in the systemd suite is a journaling service called systemd-journald.service
for the collection and storage of logging data. It creates and maintains structured,
indexed journals based on logging information that is received from a variety of sources
such as:
Classic RFC3164 BSD syslog via the /dev/log socket
STDOUT/STDERR of programs via StandardOutput=journal + StandardError=journal in service
files (both of which are default settings)
Kernel log messages via the /dev/kmsg device node
Audit records via the kernel’s audit subsystem
Structured log messages via journald’s native protocol
Any changes made to the systemd-journald configuration will require a re-start of
systemd-journald
Note:
- IF -rsyslog
will be used for remote logging on the system this subsection can be skipped
6.2.2.1 Configure systemd-journal-remote
The
systemd-journal-remote
package includes
systemd-journal-upload
.
systemd-journal-upload
will upload journal entries to the URL specified with --url=. This program reads journal
entries from one or more journal files, similarly to journalctl.
systemd-journal-upload
transfers the raw content of journal file and uses HTTP as a transport protocol.
systemd-journal-upload.service
is a system service that uses
systemd-journal-upload
to upload journal entries to a server. It uses the configuration in
journal-upload.conf
.
Note:
- - IF -rsyslog
is in use this subsection can be skipped.
- systemd-journal-remote
package is part of the
universe
component, this may impact support and update frequency which should be considered
when assessing organizational risk.
Pass6.2.2.1.1 Ensure systemd-journal-remote is installed
Description:
Journald
systemd-journal-remote
supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host or to receive
messages from remote hosts, thus enabling centralized log management.
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an
attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log
data that is stored on the local system.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
journald
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
rsyslog
is used.
Run the following command to install
systemd-journal-remote
:
# apt install systemd-journal-remote
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'systemd-journal-remote' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.1_Ensure_systemd-journal-remote_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893518"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893518_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893518"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893518">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893518"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893522"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893522_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893522"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893522">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893522"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893514"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893514">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893514"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'systemd-journal-remote' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Manual6.2.2.1.2 Ensure systemd-journal-upload authentication is configured
Description:
Journald
systemd-journal-upload
supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host.
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an
attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log
data that is stored on the local system.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
journald
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
rsyslog
is used.
Edit the
/etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf
file or a file in
/etc/systemd/journal-upload.conf.d
ending in
.conf
and ensure the following lines are set in the
[Upload]
section per your environment:
Example settings:
[Upload]
URL=192.168.50.42
ServerKeyFile=/etc/ssl/private/journal-upload.pem
ServerCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/certs/journal-upload.pem
TrustedCertificateFile=/etc/ssl/ca/trusted.pem
Run the following command to update the parameters in the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journal-upload
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.2_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_authentication_is_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass6.2.2.1.3 Ensure systemd-journal-upload is enabled and active
Description:
Journald
systemd-journal-upload
supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host.
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an
attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log
data that is stored on the local system.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
journald
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
rsyslog
is used.
Run the following commands to unmask, enable and start
systemd-journal-upload
:
# systemctl unmask systemd-journal-upload.service
# systemctl --now enable systemd-journal-upload.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals
'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journal-upload.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals
'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journal-upload.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.1.3_Ensure_systemd-journal-upload_is_enabled_and_active"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893527"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893527_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893527"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893527">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893527"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journal-upload.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893531"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893531_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893531"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893531">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893531"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-upload.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journal-upload.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893536"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893536_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893536"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893536">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893536"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893539"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893539_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893539"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893539">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893539"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass6.2.2.1.4 Ensure systemd-journal-remote service is not in use
Description:
Journald
systemd-journal-remote
supports the ability to receive messages from remote hosts, thus acting as a log server.
Clients should not receive data from other hosts.
Note:
-
The same package,
systemd-journal-remote
, is used for both sending logs to remote hosts and receiving incoming logs.
-
With regards to receiving logs, there are two services;
systemd-journal-remote.socket
and
systemd-journal-remote.service
.
If a client is configured to also receive data, thus turning it into a server, the
client system is acting outside it's operational boundary.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
journald
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
rsyslog
is used.
Run the following commands to stop and mask
systemd-journal-remote.socket
and systemd-journal-remote.service:
# systemctl stop systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-remote.service
# systemctl mask systemd-journal-remote.socket systemd-journal-remote.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal
'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journal-remote.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal
'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journal-remote.socket |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not
equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journal-remote.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal
'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journal-remote.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
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role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893543"
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<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893543"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893543">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893543"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journal-remote.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
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multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893546"
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<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
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<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
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<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893546"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.socket' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journal-remote.socket</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893550"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893550_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893550"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893550">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893550"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journal-remote.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893556"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893556_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893556"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893556">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893556"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journal-remote.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journal-remote.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7 AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.2.2.2 Ensure journald ForwardToSyslog is disabled
Description:
Data from
journald
should be kept in the confines of the service and not forwarded to other services.
- IF -journald
is the method for capturing logs, all logs of the system should be handled by
journald
and not forwarded to other logging mechanisms.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
journald
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
rsyslog
is used.
- IF -rsyslog
is the preferred method for capturing logs, this section and Recommendation should
be skipped and the "Configure rsyslog" section followed.
- IF -journald
is the preferred method for capturing logs:
Set the following parameter in the
[Journal]
section in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
or a file in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
ending in
.conf
:
ForwardToSyslog=no
Note:
If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure
***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.2_Ensure_journald_ForwardToSyslog_is_disabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-6, AU-7, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893568"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893568_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893568"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893568">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893568"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893572"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893572_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893572"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893572">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893572"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893563_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-6, AU-7, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass6.2.2.3 Ensure journald Compress is configured
Description:
The journald system includes the capability of compressing overly large files to avoid
filling up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large.
Uncompressed large files may unexpectedly fill a filesystem leading to resource unavailability.
Compressing logs prior to write can prevent sudden, unexpected filesystem impacts.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
journald
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
rsyslog
is used.
- IF -rsyslog
is the preferred method for capturing logs, this section and Recommendation should
be skipped and the "Configure rsyslog" section followed.
- IF -journald
is the preferred method for capturing logs:
Set the following parameter in the
[Journal]
section in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
or a file in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
ending in
.conf
:
Compress=yes
Note:
If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "Compress" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "Compress" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.3_Ensure_journald_Compress_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-4</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893588"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893588_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893588"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893588">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893588"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893594"
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<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893594"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893594">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893594"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893581_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "Compress" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "Compress" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "Compress" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "Compress" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-4
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.4 |
| Label: |
Ensure adequate storage for logs |
| Description: |
Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.2.2.4 Ensure journald Storage is configured
Description:
Data from journald may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server.
Logs in memory will be lost upon a system reboot. By persisting logs to local disk
on the server they are protected from loss due to a reboot.
Writing log data to disk will provide the ability to forensically reconstruct events
which may have impacted the operations or security of a system even after a system
crash or reboot.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
journald
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
rsyslog
is used.
- IF -rsyslog
is the preferred method for capturing logs, this section and Recommendation should
be skipped and the "Configure rsyslog" section followed.
- IF -journald
is the preferred method for capturing logs:
Set the following parameter in the
[Journal]
section in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
or a file in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
ending in
.conf
:
Storage=persistent
Note:
If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "Storage" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "Storage" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.2.4_Ensure_journald_Storage_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893602"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893602_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893602"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893602">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893602"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893607"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893607_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893607"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893607">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893607"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893612_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "Storage" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "Storage" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "Storage" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "Storage" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
6.2.3 Configure rsyslog
The rsyslog
software package may be used instead of the default
journald
logging mechanism.
Rsyslog has evolved over several decades. For this reason it supports three different
configuration formats (“languages”):
- basic
- previously known as the
sysklogd
format, this is the format best used to express basic things, such as where the statement
fits on a single line.
- It stems back to the original syslog.conf format, in use now for several decades.
- The most common use case is matching on facility/severity and writing matching messages
to a log file.
- advanced
- previously known as the
RainerScript
format, this format was first available in rsyslog v6 and is the current, best and
most precise format for non-trivial use cases where more than one line is needed.
- Prior to v7, there was a performance impact when using this format that encouraged
use of the basic format for best results. Current versions of rsyslog do not suffer
from this (historical) performance impact.
- This new style format is specifically targeted towards more advanced use cases like
forwarding to remote hosts that might be partially offline.
- obsolete legacy
- previously known simply as the
legacy
format, this format is exactly what its name implies: it is obsolete and should not
be used when writing new configurations. It was created in the early days (up to rsyslog
version 5) where we expected that rsyslog would extend sysklogd just mildly. Consequently,
it was primarily aimed at small additions to the original sysklogd format.
- Practice has shown that it was notoriously hard to use for more advanced use cases,
and thus we replaced it with the advanced format.
- In essence, everything that needs to be written on a single line that starts with
a dollar sign is legacy format. Users of this format are encouraged to migrate to
the basic or advanced formats.
Note:
This section only applies if
rsyslog
is the chosen method for client side logging. Do not apply this section if
journald
is used.
Pass6.2.3.1 Ensure rsyslog service is enabled and active
Description:
Once the
rsyslog
package is installed, ensure that the service is enabled.
If the
rsyslog
service is not enabled to start on boot, the system will not capture logging events.
- IF -rsyslog
is being used for logging on the system:
Run the following commands to unmask, enable, and start
rsyslog.service
:
# systemctl unmask rsyslog.service
# systemctl enable rsyslog.service
# systemctl start rsyslog.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure
***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.1_Ensure_rsyslog_service_is_enabled_and_active"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893622"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893622_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893622"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893622">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893622"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893627"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893627_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893627"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893627">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893627"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893633_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass6.2.3.2 Ensure rsyslog is installed
Description:
The
rsyslog
software is recommended in environments where
journald
does not meet operation requirements.
The security enhancements of
rsyslog
such as connection-oriented (i.e. TCP) transmission of logs, the option to log to
database formats, and the encryption of log data en route to a central logging server)
justify installing and configuring the package.
Run the following command to install
rsyslog
:
# apt install rsyslog
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
1ubuntu1.3 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
8.2001.0 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:8.2001.0-1ubuntu1.3 |
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file
- ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure
**
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.2_Ensure_rsyslog_is_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">Ubuntu 20.04 STIG Vuln ID: V-238353 Rule ID: SV-238353r991562 STIG ID: UBTU-20-010432</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">Ubuntu 22.04 STIG Vuln ID: V-260588 Rule ID: SV-260588r991562 STIG ID: UBTU-22-652010</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893643"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893643">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893643"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1ubuntu1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>8.2001.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:8.2001.0-1ubuntu1.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893649_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l/>
<l> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</l>
<l/>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_not_match_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li/>
<li> - "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> ** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure **</li>
<li/>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12
- URL: Ubuntu 20.04 STIG Vuln ID: V-238353 Rule ID: SV-238353r991562 STIG ID: UBTU-20-010432
- URL: Ubuntu 22.04 STIG Vuln ID: V-260588 Rule ID: SV-260588r991562 STIG ID: UBTU-22-652010
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.2.3.3 Ensure journald is configured to send logs to rsyslog
Description:
Data from
systemd-journald
may be stored in volatile memory or persisted locally on the server. Utilities exist
to accept remote export of
systemd-journald
logs, however, use of the
rsyslog
service provides a consistent means of log collection and export.
- IF -rsyslog
is the preferred method for capturing logs, all logs of the system should be sent
to it for further processing.
Note:
This recommendation
only applies if
rsyslog
is the chosen method for client side logging
. Do not apply this recommendation if
systemd-journald
is used.
- IF -Journald
is the preferred method for capturing logs, this section and Recommendation should
be skipped and the "Configure Journald" section followed.
- IF -rsyslog
is the preferred method for capturing logs:
Set the following parameter in the
[Journal]
section in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf
or a file in
/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
ending in
.conf
:
ForwardToSyslog=yes
Note:
If this setting appears in a canonically later file, or later in the same file, the
setting will be overwritten
Run to following command to update the parameters in the service:
Restart
systemd-journald.service
:
# systemctl reload-or-restart systemd-journald.service
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file
- *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure
***
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'LoadState' property equals 'loaded' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journald.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
LoadState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
loaded |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journald.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'LoadState' property equals 'loaded' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
LoadState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
loaded |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property no equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Dpkginfo Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Name |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog |
| Arch |
String |
Exists |
amd64 |
| Epoch |
String |
Exists |
(none) |
| Release |
String |
Exists |
1ubuntu1.3 |
| Version |
String |
Exists |
8.2001.0 |
| Evr |
Evr String |
Exists |
0:8.2001.0-1ubuntu1.3 |
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.3_Ensure_journald_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_rsyslog"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-4, AU-12, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">SYSTEMD-JOURNALD.SERVICE(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">JOURNALD.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893660_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</l>
<l> *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_systemd_parameter_chk_v3.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Parameter: "ForwardToSyslog" is not set in an included file</li>
<li> *** Note: "ForwardToSyslog" May be set in a file that's ignored by load procedure ***</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893665"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893665_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893665"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893665">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893665"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'LoadState' property equals 'loaded'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journald.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>LoadState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>loaded</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893671"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893671_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893671"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893671">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893671"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journald.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893677"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893677_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893677"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893677">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893677"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'LoadState' property equals 'loaded'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>LoadState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>loaded</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893682"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893682_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893682"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893682">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893682"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893689"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893689_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893689"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893689">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893689"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property no equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893694"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893694_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893694"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893694">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893694"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893699"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893699">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893699"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'rsyslog' is not installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Dpkginfo Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Name</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Arch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>amd64</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Epoch</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>(none)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Release</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>1ubuntu1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Version</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>8.2001.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Evr</td>
<td>Evr String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>0:8.2001.0-1ubuntu1.3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-2, AU-4, AU-12, MP-2
- URL: SYSTEMD-JOURNALD.SERVICE(8)
- URL: JOURNALD.CONF(5)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.5 |
| Label: |
Central Log Management |
| Description: |
Ensure that appropriate logs are being aggregated to a central log management system
for analysis and review. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.9 |
| Label: |
Centralize Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Centralize, to the extent possible, audit log collection and retention across enterprise
assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass6.2.3.4 Ensure rsyslog log file creation mode is configured
Description:
The
$FileCreateMode
parameter allows to specify the creation mode with which
rsyslogd
creates new files.
It is important to ensure that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that
sensitive data is archived and protected.
Edit either
/etc/rsyslog.conf
or a dedicated
.conf
file in
/etc/rsyslog.d/
and set
$FileCreateMode
to
0640
or more restrictive:
$FileCreateMode 0640
Reload the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart rsyslog
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_rsyslog_filecreatemode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - Parameter: "$FileCreateMode" is correctly set to mode: "0640"
- in the file: "/etc/rsyslog.conf"
- Should be mode: "640" or more restrictive
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.4_Ensure_rsyslog_log_file_creation_mode_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/1"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">RSYSLOG.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AC-6, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/action/rsconf1_filecreatemode.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893713"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893713_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893713"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893713">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893713"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893719"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893719_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893719"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893719">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893719"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893707_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_rsyslog_filecreatemode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_rsyslog_filecreatemode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_rsyslog_filecreatemode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - Parameter: "$FileCreateMode" is correctly set to mode: "0640"</l>
<l> in the file: "/etc/rsyslog.conf"</l>
<l> Should be mode: "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_rsyslog_filecreatemode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - Parameter: "$FileCreateMode" is correctly set to mode: "0640"</li>
<li> in the file: "/etc/rsyslog.conf"</li>
<li> Should be mode: "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: RSYSLOG.CONF(5)
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AC-6, MP-2
- URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/action/rsconf1_filecreatemode.html
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops,
Workstations and Servers: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security
configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous
configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers
from exploiting vulnerable services and settings. |
| Subcontrol: |
5.1 |
| Label: |
Establish Secure Configurations |
| Description: |
Maintain documented, standard security configuration standards for all authorized
operating systems and software. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Manual6.2.3.5 Ensure rsyslog logging is configured
Description:
The
rsyslog
and configuration files specifies rules for logging and which files are to be used
to log certain classes of messages.
A great deal of important security-related information is sent via
rsyslog
(e.g., successful and failed su attempts, failed login attempts, root login attempts,
etc.).
Edit the following lines in the configuration file(s) returned by the audit as appropriate
for your environment.
Note:
The below configuration is shown for example purposes only. Due care should be given
to how the organization wishes to store log data.
*.emerg :omusrmsg:*
auth,authpriv.* /var/log/secure
mail.* -/var/log/mail
mail.info -/var/log/mail.info
mail.warning -/var/log/mail.warn
mail.err /var/log/mail.err
cron.* /var/log/cron
*.=warning;*.=err -/var/log/warn
*.crit /var/log/warn
*.*;mail.none;news.none -/var/log/messages
local0,local1.* -/var/log/localmessages
local2,local3.* -/var/log/localmessages
local4,local5.* -/var/log/localmessages
local6,local7.* -/var/log/localmessages
Run the following command to reload the
rsyslogd
configuration:
# systemctl reload-or-restart rsyslog
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.5_Ensure_rsyslog_logging_is_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Manual6.2.3.6 Ensure rsyslog is configured to send logs to a remote log host
Description:
rsyslog
supports the ability to send log events it gathers to a remote log host or to receive
messages from remote hosts, thus enabling centralized log management.
Storing log data on a remote host protects log integrity from local attacks. If an
attacker gains root access on the local system, they could tamper with or remove log
data that is stored on the local system.
Edit the
rsyslog
configuration and add the following line (where
loghost.example.com
is the name of your central log host). The
target
directive may either be a fully qualified domain name or an IP address.
*.* action(type="omfwd" target="192.168.2.100" port="514" protocol="tcp"
action.resumeRetryCount="100"
queue.type="LinkedList" queue.size="1000")
Run the following command to reload
rsyslog.service
:
# systemctl reload-or-restart rsyslog.service
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.6_Ensure_rsyslog_is_configured_to_send_logs_to_a_remote_log_host"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.563+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: See the rsyslog.conf(5) man page for more information.
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-6
- URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Pass6.2.3.7 Ensure rsyslog is not configured to receive logs from a remote client
Description:
rsyslog
supports the ability to receive messages from remote hosts, thus acting as a log server.
Clients should not receive data from other hosts.
If a client is configured to also receive data, thus turning it into a server, the
client system is acting outside its operational boundary.
Unless the system's primary function is to serve as a logfile server , modify the
files returned by the Audit Procedure and remove the specific lines highlighted by
the audit. Verify none of the following entries are present in the
rsyslog
configuration.
advanced format
# module(load="imtcp")
# input(type="imtcp" port="514")
# module(load="imudp")
# input(type="imudp" port="514")
Note:obsolete legacy
- previously known as the legacy format. This format is obsolete and should not be
used when writing new configurations. It was aimed at small additions to the original
sysklogd
format and has been replaced due to its limitations.
Reload the service:
# systemctl reload-or-restart rsyslog
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| OR |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
enabled |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal active |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
rsyslog.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journald.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
static |
|
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
systemd-journald.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
active |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_rsyslog_receive_logs_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No entries to accept incoming logs found
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.7_Ensure_rsyslog_is_not_configured_to_receive_logs_from_a_remote_client"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/9/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/index.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/conf_formats.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="OR" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893739"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893739_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893739"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893739">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893739"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property not equal 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>enabled</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893745"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893745_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893745"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893745">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893745"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'rsyslog.service' unit 'ActiveState' property not equal active</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>rsyslog.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893749"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893749_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893749"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893749">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893749"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journald.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>static</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893755"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893755_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893755"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893755">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893755"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'systemd-journald.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>systemd-journald.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>active</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_rsyslog_receive_logs_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_rsyslog_receive_logs_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_rsyslog_receive_logs_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No entries to accept incoming logs found</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_rsyslog_receive_logs_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No entries to accept incoming logs found</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-7, AU-12, CM-6
- URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/index.html
- URL: https://www.rsyslog.com/doc/configuration/conf_formats.html
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 9: Limitation and Control of Network Ports, Protocols, and Services: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Manage (track/control/correct) the ongoing operational use of ports, protocols, and
services on networked devices in order to minimize windows of vulnerability available
to attackers. |
| Subcontrol: |
9.2 |
| Label: |
Ensure Only Approved Ports, Protocols and Services Are Running |
| Description: |
Ensure that only network ports, protocols, and services listening on a system with
validated business needs are running on each system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 4: Secure Configuration of Enterprise Assets and Software: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain the secure configuration of enterprise assets (end-user devices,
including portable and mobile; network devices; non-computing/IoT devices; and servers)
and software (operating systems and applications). |
| Safeguard: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Uninstall or Disable Unnecessary Services on Enterprise Assets and Software |
| Description: |
Uninstall or disable unnecessary services on enterprise assets and software, such
as an unused file sharing service, web application module, or service function. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual6.2.3.8 Ensure logrotate is configured
Description:
The system includes the capability of rotating log files regularly to avoid filling
up the system with logs or making the logs unmanageably large. The file
/etc/logrotate.d/rsyslog
is the configuration file used to rotate log files created by
rsyslog
.
By keeping the log files smaller and more manageable, a system administrator can easily
archive these files to another system and spend less time looking through inordinately
large log files.
Edit
/etc/logrotate.conf
, or the appropriate configuration file provided by the script in the Audit Procedure,
as necessary to ensure logs are rotated according to site policy.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.3.8_Ensure_logrotate_is_configured"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.4 |
| Label: |
Ensure adequate storage for logs |
| Description: |
Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
6.2.4 Configure Logfiles
Fail6.2.4.1 Ensure access to all logfiles has been configured
Description:
Log files contain information from many services on the the local system, or in the
event of a centralized log server, others systems logs as well.
In general log files are found in
/var/log/
, although application can be configured to store logs elsewhere. Should your application
store logs in another, ensure to run the same test on that location.
It is important that log files have the correct permissions to ensure that sensitive
data is protected and that only the appropriate users / groups have access to them.
Run the following script to update permissions and ownership on files in
/var/log
.
Although the script is not destructive, ensure that the output of the audit procedure
is captured in the event that the remediation causes issues.
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output2=()
f_file_test_fix()
{
a_out2=()
maxperm="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$perm_mask)) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $perm_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
a_out2+=(" o Mode: \"$l_mode\" should be \"$maxperm\" or more restrictive" "
x Removing excess permissions")
chmod "$l_rperms" "$l_fname"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_user" =~ $l_auser ]]; then
a_out2+=(" o Owned by: \"$l_user\" and should be owned by \"${l_auser//|/ or }\""
" x Changing ownership to: \"$l_fix_account\"")
chown "$l_fix_account" "$l_fname"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_group" =~ $l_agroup ]]; then
a_out2+=(" o Group owned by: \"$l_group\" and should be group owned by \"${l_agroup//|/
or }\"" " x Changing group ownership to: \"$l_fix_account\"")
chgrp "$l_fix_account" "$l_fname"
fi
[ "${#a_out2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output2+=(" - File: \"$l_fname\" is:" "${a_out2[@]}")
}
l_fix_account='root'
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
while IFS=: read -r l_fname l_mode l_user l_group; do
if grep -Pq -- '\/(apt)\h*$' <<< "$(dirname "$l_fname")"; then
perm_mask='0133' l_rperms="u-x,go-wx" l_auser="root" l_agroup="(root|adm)"; f_file_test_fix
else
case "$(basename "$l_fname")" in
lastlog | lastlog.* | wtmp | wtmp.* | wtmp-* | btmp | btmp.* | btmp-* | README)
perm_mask='0113' l_rperms="ug-x,o-wx" l_auser="root" l_agroup="(root|utmp)"
f_file_test_fix ;;
cloud-init.log* | localmessages* | waagent.log*)
perm_mask='0133' l_rperms="u-x,go-wx" l_auser="(root|syslog)" l_agroup="(root|adm)"
file_test_fix ;;
secure | auth.log | syslog | messages)
perm_mask='0137' l_rperms="u-x,g-wx,o-rwx" l_auser="(root|syslog)" l_agroup="(root|adm)"
f_file_test_fix ;;
SSSD | sssd)
perm_mask='0117' l_rperms="ug-x,o-rwx" l_auser="(root|SSSD)" l_agroup="(root|SSSD)"
f_file_test_fix ;;
gdm | gdm3)
perm_mask='0117' l_rperms="ug-x,o-rwx" l_auser="root" l_agroup="(root|gdm|gdm3)"
f_file_test_fix ;;
*.journal | *.journal~)
perm_mask='0137' l_rperms="u-x,g-wx,o-rwx" l_auser="root" l_agroup="(root|systemd-journal)"
f_file_test_fix ;;
*)
perm_mask='0137' l_rperms="u-x,g-wx,o-rwx" l_auser="(root|syslog)" l_agroup="(root|adm)"
if [ "$l_user" = "root" ] || ! grep -Pq -- "^\h*$(awk -F: '$1=="'"$l_user"'" {print
$7}' /etc/passwd)\b" /etc/shells; then
! grep -Pq -- "$l_auser" <<< "$l_user" && l_auser="(root|syslog|$l_user)"
! grep -Pq -- "$l_agroup" <<< "$l_group" && l_agroup="(root|adm|$l_group)"
fi
f_file_test_fix ;;
esac
fi
done < <(stat -Lc '%n:%#a:%U:%G' "$l_file")
done < <(find -L /var/log -type f \( -perm /0137 -o ! -user root -o ! -group root
\) -print0)
if [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -le 0 ]; then # If all files passed, then we report no changes
a_output+=(" - All files in \"/var/log/\" have appropriate permissions and ownership")
printf '\n%s' "- All files in \"/var/log/\" have appropriate permissions and ownership"
" o No changes required" ""
else
printf '\n%s' "${a_output2[@]}" ""
fi
}
Note:
You may also need to change the configuration for your logging software or services
for any logs that had incorrect permissions.
If there are services that log to other locations, ensure that those log files have
the appropriate permissions.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_logfile_access_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - File: "/var/log/dmesg.1.gz" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/dmesg.0" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/dmesg.4.gz" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/ubuntu-advantage-timer.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/dmesg.3.gz" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/dmesg" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/faillog" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/dmesg.2.gz" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/installer/telemetry" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/installer/initial-status.gz" is:
- o Mode: "0664" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/installer/media-info" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-dpkg.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-shutdown.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/gpu-manager.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/dpkg.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/bootstrap.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/alternatives.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
- - File: "/var/log/fontconfig.log" is:
- o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.2.4.1_Ensure_access_to_all_logfiles_has_been_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_logfile_access_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_logfile_access_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_logfile_access_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.1.gz" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.0" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.4.gz" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/ubuntu-advantage-timer.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.3.gz" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/dmesg" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/faillog" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.2.gz" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/installer/telemetry" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/installer/initial-status.gz" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0664" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/installer/media-info" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-dpkg.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-shutdown.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/gpu-manager.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/dpkg.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/bootstrap.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/alternatives.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
<l> - File: "/var/log/fontconfig.log" is:</l>
<l> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_logfile_access_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.1.gz" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.0" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.4.gz" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/ubuntu-advantage-timer.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.3.gz" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/dmesg" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/faillog" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/dmesg.2.gz" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/installer/telemetry" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/installer/initial-status.gz" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0664" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/installer/media-info" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-dpkg.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades-shutdown.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/unattended-upgrades/unattended-upgrades.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/gpu-manager.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/dpkg.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/bootstrap.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/alternatives.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
<li> - File: "/var/log/fontconfig.log" is:</li>
<li> o Mode: "0644" should be "640" or more restrictive</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
6.3 System Auditing
The Linux Auditing System operates on a set of rules that collects certain types of
system activity to facilitate incident investigation, detect unauthorized access or
modification of data. By default events will be logged to
/var/log/audit/audit.log
, which can be configured in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf
.
The following types of audit rules can be specified:
- Control rules: Configuration of the auditing system.
- File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory.
Also known as file watches.
- System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program makes.
Audit rules can be set:
-
On the command line using the
auditctl
utility. These rules are not persistent across reboots.
-
In /etc/audit/audit.rules
. These rules have to be merged and loaded before they are active.
Notes:
-
For 64 bit systems that have
arch
as a rule parameter, you will need two rules: one for 64 bit and one for 32 bit systems
calls.
-
If the auditing system is configured to be locked (
-e 2
), a system reboot will be required in order to load any changes.
- Key names are optional on the rules and will not be used as a compliance auditing.
The usage of key names is highly recommended as it facilitates organization and searching,
as such, all remediation steps will have key names supplied.
-
It is best practice to store the rules, in number prepended files, in
/etc/audit/rules.d/
. Rules must end in a
.rules
suffix. This then requires the use of
augenrules
to merge all the rules into
/etc/audit/audit.rules
based on their their alphabetical (lexical) sort order. All benchmark recommendations
follow this best practice for remediation, specifically using the prefix of
50
which is centre weighed if all rule sets make use of the number prepending naming
convention.
-
Your system may have been customized to change the default
UID_MIN
. All samples output uses
1000
, but this value will not be used in compliance auditing. To confirm the
UID_MIN
for your system, run the following command:
awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs
Normalization
The Audit system normalizes some entries, so when you look at the sample output keep
in mind that:
-
With regards to users whose login UID is not set, the values
-1
/ unset
/ 4294967295
are equivalent and normalized to
-1
.
-
When comparing field types and both sides of the comparison is valid fields types,
such as
euid!=uid
, then the auditing system may normalize such that the output is
uid!=euid
.
- Some parts of the rule may be rearranged whilst others are dependant on previous syntax.
For example, the following two statements are the same:
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S execve -C uid!=euid -F auid!=-1 -F key=user_emulation
and
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k user_emulation
Capacity planning
The recommendations in this section implement auditing policies that not only produces
large quantities of logged data, but may also negatively impact system performance.
Capacity planning is critical in order not to adversely impact production environments.
- Disk space. If a significantly large set of events are captured, additional on system
or off system storage may need to be allocated. If the logs are not sent to a remote
log server, ensure that log rotation is implemented else the disk will fill up and
the system will halt. Even when logs are sent to a log server, ensure sufficient disk
space to allow caching of logs in the case of temporary network outages.
- Disk IO. It is not just the amount of data collected that should be considered, but
the rate at which logs are generated.
- CPU overhead. System call rules might incur considerable CPU overhead. Test the systems
open/close syscalls per second with and without the rules to gauge the impact of the
rules.
6.3.1 Configure auditd Service
The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to
allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.
Fail6.3.1.1 Ensure auditd packages are installed
Description:
auditd is the userspace component to the Linux Auditing System. It's responsible for
writing audit records to the disk
The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to
allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.
Run the following command to Install
auditd
and
audispd-plugins
# apt install auditd audispd-plugins
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'auditd' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure package name equals 'audispd-plugins' is installed |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.1_Ensure_auditd_packages_are_installed"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010182 | RULE ID: SV-238298r958506 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-653015 | RULE ID: SV-260591r1015023 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893774"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893774">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893774"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'auditd' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893777"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893777">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893777"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure package name equals 'audispd-plugins' is installed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12, SI-5
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010182 | RULE ID: SV-238298r958506 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-653015 | RULE ID: SV-260591r1015023 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.1.2 Ensure auditd service is enabled and active
Description:
Turn on the
auditd
daemon to record system events.
The capturing of system events provides system administrators with information to
allow them to determine if unauthorized access to their system is occurring.
Run the following commands to unmask, enable and start
auditd
:
# systemctl unmask auditd
# systemctl enable auditd
# systemctl start auditd
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
auditd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
UnitFileState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
No Value |
| Criterion: |
Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active' |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
Systemdunitproperty Item
| Name |
Type |
Status |
Value |
| Unit |
String |
Exists |
auditd.service |
| Property |
String |
Exists |
ActiveState |
| Value |
String |
Exists |
inactive |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.2_Ensure_auditd_service_is_enabled_and_active"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010182 | RULE ID: SV-238298r958506 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-653015 | RULE ID: SV-260591r1015023 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893786"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893786_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893786"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893786">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893786"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'UnitFileState' property equals 'enabled'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>auditd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>UnitFileState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>No Value</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:var:6893792"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893792_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893792"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893792">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893792"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure systemd 'auditd.service' unit 'ActiveState' property equals 'active'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<caption>Systemdunitproperty Item</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Name</th>
<th scope="col">Type</th>
<th scope="col">Status</th>
<th scope="col">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>Unit</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>auditd.service</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Property</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>ActiveState</td>
</tr>
<tr class="evaluated">
<td>Value</td>
<td>String</td>
<td>Exists</td>
<td>inactive</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010182 | RULE ID: SV-238298r958506 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-653015 | RULE ID: SV-260591r1015023 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.1.3 Ensure auditing for processes that start prior to auditd is enabled
Description:
Configure
grub2
so that processes that are capable of being audited can be audited even if they start
up prior to
auditd
startup.
Audit events need to be captured on processes that start up prior to
auditd
, so that potential malicious activity cannot go undetected.
Edit
/etc/default/grub
and add
audit=1
to
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX
:
Example:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="audit=1"
Run the following command to update the
grub2
configuration:
# update-grub
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Grub parameter: "audit=1" is not set
|
| Errors: |
- grep: /boot/loader/entries/*: No such file or directory
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.3_Ensure_auditing_for_processes_that_start_prior_to_auditd_is_enabled"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010198 | RULE ID: SV-238299r991555 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-212015 | RULE ID: SV-260471r991555 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893797_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - Grub parameter: "audit=1" is not set</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>grep: /boot/loader/entries/*: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - Grub parameter: "audit=1" is not set</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>grep: /boot/loader/entries/*: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010198 | RULE ID: SV-238299r991555 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-212015 | RULE ID: SV-260471r991555 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.1.4 Ensure audit_backlog_limit is configured
Description:
In the kernel-level audit subsystem, a socket buffer queue is used to hold audit events.
Whenever a new audit event is received, it is logged and prepared to be added to this
queue.
The kernel boot parameter
audit_backlog_limit=N
, with
N
representing the amount of messages, will ensure that a queue cannot grow beyond a
certain size. If an audit event is logged which would grow the queue beyond this limit,
then a failure occurs and is handled according to the system configuration
If an audit event is logged which would grow the queue beyond the
audit_backlog_limit
, then a failure occurs, auditd records will be lost, and potential malicious activity
could go undetected.
Edit
/etc/default/grub
and add
audit_backlog_limit=N
to GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX. The recommended size for
N
is
8192
or larger.
Example:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="audit_backlog_limit=8192"
Run the following command to update the
grub2
configuration:
# update-grub
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Grub parameter: "audit_backlog_limit=\d+" is not set
|
| Errors: |
- grep: /boot/loader/entries/*: No such file or directory
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.1.4_Ensure_audit_backlog_limit_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893803_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l/>
<l> - Grub parameter: "audit_backlog_limit=\d+" is not set</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>grep: /boot/loader/entries/*: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_grub_option_exist_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li/>
<li> - Grub parameter: "audit_backlog_limit=\d+" is not set</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>grep: /boot/loader/entries/*: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-3, AU-12
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
6.3.2 Configure Data Retention
When auditing, it is important to carefully configure the storage requirements for
audit logs. By default, auditd will max out the log files at 5MB and retain only 4
copies of them. Older versions will be deleted. It is possible on a system that the
20 MBs of audit logs may fill up the system causing loss of audit data. While the
recommendations here provide guidance, check your site policy for audit storage requirements.
Fail6.3.2.1 Ensure audit log storage size is configured
Description:
Configure the maximum size of the audit log file. Once the log reaches the maximum
size, it will be rotated and a new log file will be started.
It is important that an appropriate size is determined for log files so that they
do not impact the system and audit data is not lost.
Set the following parameter in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf
in accordance with site policy:
max_log_file = <MB>
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*max_log_file\h*=\h*\d+\b.*$ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.1_Ensure_audit_log_storage_size_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893809"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893809">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893809"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\h*max_log_file\h*=\h*\d+\b.*$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.4 |
| Label: |
Ensure adequate storage for logs |
| Description: |
Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail6.3.2.2 Ensure audit logs are not automatically deleted
Description:
The
max_log_file_action
setting determines how to handle the audit log file reaching the max file size. A
value of
keep_logs
will rotate the logs but never delete old logs.
In high security contexts, the benefits of maintaining a long audit history exceed
the cost of storing the audit history.
Set the following parameter in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf:
max_log_file_action = keep_logs
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\s*max_log_file_action\s*=\s*keep_logs\s*(\s+#.*)?$ |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.2_Ensure_audit_logs_are_not_automatically_deleted"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893815"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893815">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893815"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern ^\s*max_log_file_action\s*=\s*keep_logs\s*(\s+#.*)?$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-8
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.4 |
| Label: |
Ensure adequate storage for logs |
| Description: |
Ensure that all systems that store logs have adequate storage space for the logs generated. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail6.3.2.3 Ensure system is disabled when audit logs are full
Description:
The
auditd
daemon can be configured to halt the system or put the system in single user mode,
if no free space is available or an error is detected on the partition that holds
the audit log files.
The
disk_full_action
parameter tells the system what action to take when no free space is available on
the partition that holds the audit log files. Valid values are
ignore
,
syslog
,
rotate
,
exec
,
suspend
,
single
, and
halt
.
- ignore
, the audit daemon will issue a syslog message but no other action is taken
- syslog
, the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
- rotate
, the audit daemon will rotate logs, losing the oldest to free up space
- exec
, /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script.
The script is also responsible for telling the auditd daemon to resume logging once
its completed its action
- suspend
, the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
- single
, the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
- halt
, the audit daemon will shut down the system
The
disk_error_action
parameter tells the system what action to take when an error is detected on the partition
that holds the audit log files. Valid values are
ignore
,
syslog
,
exec
,
suspend
,
single
, and
halt
.
- ignore
, the audit daemon will not take any action
- syslog
, the audit daemon will issue no more than 5 consecutive warnings to syslog
- exec
, /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script
- suspend
, the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
- single
, the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
- halt
, the audit daemon will shut down the system
In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation
exceeds the benefit of the system's availability.
Set one of the following parameters in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf
depending on your local security policies.
disk_full_action = <halt|single>
disk_error_action = <syslog|single|halt>
Example:
disk_full_action = halt
disk_error_action = halt
Impact:
disk_full_action
parameter:
-
Set to
halt
- the
auditd
daemon will shutdown the system when the disk partition containing the audit logs
becomes full.
-
Set to
single
- the
auditd
daemon will put the computer system in single user mode when the disk partition containing
the audit logs becomes full.
disk_error_action
parameter:
-
Set to
halt
- the
auditd
daemon will shutdown the system when an error is detected on the partition that holds
the audit log files.
-
Set to
single
- the
auditd
daemon will put the computer system in single user mode when an error is detected
on the partition that holds the audit log files.
-
Set to
syslog
- the
auditd
daemon will issue no more than 5 consecutive warnings to syslog when an error is detected
on the partition that holds the audit log files.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_full_action\h*=\h*(halt|single)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_error_action\h*=\h*(syslog|single|halt)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.3_Ensure_system_is_disabled_when_audit_logs_are_full"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">AUDITD.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893822"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893822">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893822"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_full_action\h*=\h*(halt|single)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893828"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893828">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893828"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*disk_error_action\h*=\h*(syslog|single|halt)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5
- URL: AUDITD.CONF(5)
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail6.3.2.4 Ensure system warns when audit logs are low on space
Description:
The
auditd
daemon can be configured to halt the system, put the system in single user mode or
send a warning message, if the partition that holds the audit log files is low on
space.
The
space_left_action
parameter tells the system what action to take when the system has detected that it
is starting to get low on disk space. Valid values are
ignore
,
syslog
,
rotate
,
email
,
exec
,
suspend
,
single
, and
halt
.
- ignore
, the audit daemon does nothing
- syslog
, the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
- rotate
, the audit daemon will rotate logs, losing the oldest to free up space
- email
, the audit daemon will send a warning to the email account specified in
action_mail_acct
as well as sending the message to syslog
- exec
, /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script.
The script is also responsible for telling the auditd daemon to resume logging once
its completed its action
- suspend
, the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
- single
, the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
- halt
, the audit daemon will shut down the system
The
admin_space_left_action
parameter tells the system what action to take when the system has detected that it
is low on disk space. Valid values are
ignore
,
syslog
,
rotate
,
email
,
exec
,
suspend
,
single
, and
halt
.
- ignore
, the audit daemon does nothing
- syslog
, the audit daemon will issue a warning to syslog
- rotate
, the audit daemon will rotate logs, losing the oldest to free up space
- email
, the audit daemon will send a warning to the email account specified in
action_mail_acct
as well as sending the message to syslog
- exec
, /path-to-script will execute the script. You cannot pass parameters to the script.
The script is also responsible for telling the auditd daemon to resume logging once
its completed its action
- suspend
, the audit daemon will stop writing records to the disk
- single
, the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode
- halt
, the audit daemon will shut down the system
In high security contexts, the risk of detecting unauthorized access or nonrepudiation
exceeds the benefit of the system's availability.
Set the
space_left_action
parameter in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf
to
email
,
exec
,
single
, or
halt
:
Example:
space_left_action = email
Set the
admin_space_left_action
parameter in
/etc/audit/auditd.conf
to
single
or
halt
:
Example:
admin_space_left_action = single
Note:
A Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) must be installed and configured properly to set
space_left_action = email
Impact:
If the
admin_space_left_action
is set to
single
the audit daemon will put the computer system in single user mode.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*space_left_action\h*=\h*(email|exec|single|halt)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Criterion: |
Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*admin_space_left_action\h*=\h*(single|halt)\b |
| Existence Check: |
At Least One Exists |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Fail |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.2.4_Ensure_system_warns_when_audit_logs_are_low_on_space"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">AUDITD.CONF(5)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893834"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893834">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893834"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*space_left_action\h*=\h*(email|exec|single|halt)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893838"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893838">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893838"
check="all"
check_existence="at_least_one_exists">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure at least one file named /etc/audit/auditd.conf exists and matches pattern (?i)^\h*admin_space_left_action\h*=\h*(single|halt)\b</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>At Least One Exists</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-8, AU-12, SI-5
- URL: AUDITD.CONF(5)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.3 |
| Label: |
Ensure Adequate Audit Log Storage |
| Description: |
Ensure that logging destinations maintain adequate storage to comply with the enterprise's
audit log management process. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
6.3.3 Configure auditd Rules
The Audit system operates on a set of rules that define what is to be captured in
the log files.
The following types of Audit rules can be specified:
- Control rules: Allow the Audit system's behavior and some of its configuration to
be modified.
- File system rules: Allow the auditing of access to a particular file or a directory.
(Also known as file watches)
- System call rules: Allow logging of system calls that any specified program makes.
Audit rules can be set:
- on the command line using the auditctl utility. Note that these rules are not persistent
across reboots.
-
in a file ending in
.rules
in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory.
Note:
The Linux Benchmarks are written and tested against x86_64 processor architecture.
If you are running a different processor type, please review and update the audit
rules for the processor architecture of the system
Fail6.3.3.1 Ensure changes to system administration scope (sudoers) is collected
Description:
Monitor scope changes for system administrators. If the system has been properly configured
to force system administrators to log in as themselves first and then use the
sudo
command to execute privileged commands, it is possible to monitor changes in scope.
The file
/etc/sudoers
, or files in
/etc/sudoers.d
, will be written to when the file(s) or related attributes have changed. The audit
records will be tagged with the identifier "scope".
Changes in the
/etc/sudoers
and
/etc/sudoers.d
files can indicate that an unauthorized change has been made to the scope of system
administrator activity.
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor scope changes for system administrators.
Example:
# printf "
-w /etc/sudoers -p wa -k scope
-w /etc/sudoers.d -p wa -k scope
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-scope.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.1_Ensure_changes_to_system_administration_scope_sudoers_is_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893847_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893851_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/sudoers.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group Membership |
| Description: |
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to or removed
from any group assigned administrative privileges. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.2 Ensure actions as another user are always logged
Description:
sudo
provides users with temporary elevated privileges to perform operations, either as
the superuser or another user.
Creating an audit log of users with temporary elevated privileges and the operation(s)
they performed is essential to reporting. Administrators will want to correlate the
events written to the audit trail with the records written to
sudo
's logfile to verify if unauthorized commands have been executed.
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor elevated privileges.
Example:
# printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k user_emulation
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -C euid!=uid -F auid!=unset -S execve -k user_emulation
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-user_emulation.rules
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.2_Ensure_actions_as_another_user_are_always_logged"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893856_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893861_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "execve" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.9 |
| Label: |
Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login |
| Description: |
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative
account. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.3 Ensure events that modify the sudo log file are collected
Description:
Monitor the
sudo
log file. If the system has been properly configured to disable the use of the
su
command and force all administrators to have to log in first and then use
sudo
to execute privileged commands, then all administrator commands will be logged to
/var/log/sudo.log
. Any time a command is executed, an audit event will be triggered as the
/var/log/sudo.log
file will be opened for write and the executed administration command will be written
to the log.
Changes in
/var/log/sudo.log
indicate that an administrator has executed a command or the log file itself has been
tampered with. Administrators will want to correlate the events written to the audit
trail with the records written to
/var/log/sudo.log
to verify if unauthorized commands have been executed.
Note:
This recommendation requires that the sudo logfile is configured. See guidance provided
in the recommendation "Ensure sudo log file exists"
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the sudo log file.
Example:
# {
SUDO_LOG_FILE=$(grep -r logfile /etc/sudoers* | sed -e 's/.*logfile=//;s/,? .*//'
-e 's/"//g')
[ -n "${SUDO_LOG_FILE}" ] && printf "
-w ${SUDO_LOG_FILE} -p wa -k sudo_log_file
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-sudo.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'SUDO_LOG_FILE' is
unset.\n"
}
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Sudo logfile setting not found in a sudo configuration file
- ** Please refer to Recommendation: "Ensure sudo log file exists" **
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.3_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_sudo_log_file_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893866_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Sudo logfile setting not found in a sudo configuration file</l>
<l> ** Please refer to Recommendation: "Ensure sudo log file exists" **</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Sudo logfile setting not found in a sudo configuration file</li>
<li> ** Please refer to Recommendation: "Ensure sudo log file exists" **</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.9 |
| Label: |
Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login |
| Description: |
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative
account. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.4 Ensure events that modify date and time information are collected
Description:
Capture events where the system date and/or time has been modified. The parameters
in this section are set to determine if the;
- adjtimex
- tune kernel clock
- settimeofday
- set time using
timeval
and
timezone
structures
- stime
- using seconds since 1/1/1970
- clock_settime
- allows for the setting of several internal clocks and timers
system calls have been executed. Further, ensure to write an audit record to the configured
audit log file upon exit, tagging the records with a unique identifier such as "time-change".
Unexpected changes in system date and/or time could be a sign of malicious activity
on the system.
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify date and time information.
Example:
# printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -k time-change
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S adjtimex,settimeofday -k time-change
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -k time-change
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S clock_settime -F a0=0x0 -k time-change
-w /etc/localtime -p wa -k time-change
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-time-change.rules
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.4_Ensure_events_that_modify_date_and_time_information_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893872_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893877_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "adjtimex" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "settimeofday" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "clock_settime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893882_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/localtime" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops,
Workstations and Servers: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security
configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous
configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers
from exploiting vulnerable services and settings. |
| Subcontrol: |
5.5 |
| Label: |
Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems |
| Description: |
Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring
system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions,
and alert when unauthorized changes occur. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.5 Ensure events that modify the system's network environment are collected
Description:
Record changes to network environment files or system calls. The below parameters
monitors the following system calls, and write an audit event on system call exit:
- sethostname
- set the systems host name
- setdomainname
- set the systems domain name
The files being monitored are:
- /etc/issue
and
/etc/issue.net
- messages displayed pre-login
- /etc/hosts
- file containing host names and associated IP addresses
- /etc/networks
- symbolic names for networks
- /etc/network/
- directory containing network interface scripts and configurations files
- /etc/netplan/
- central location for YAML networking configurations files
Monitoring system events that change network environments, such as
sethostname
and
setdomainname
, helps identify unauthorized alterations to host and domain names, which could compromise
security settings reliant on these names. Changes to
/etc/hosts
can signal unauthorized attempts to alter machine associations with IP addresses,
potentially redirecting users and processes to unintended destinations. Surveillance
of
/etc/issue
and
/etc/issue.net
is crucial to detect intruders inserting false information to deceive users. Monitoring
/etc/network/
reveals modifications to network interfaces or scripts that may jeopardize system
availability or security. Additionally, tracking changes in the
/etc/netplan/
directory ensures swift detection of unauthorized adjustments to network configurations.
All audit records should be appropriately tagged for relevance
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's network
environment.
Example:
# printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S sethostname,setdomainname -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/issue.net -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/hosts -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/networks -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/network -p wa -k system-locale
-w /etc/netplan -p wa -k system-locale
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-system_locale.rules
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/networks" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/network" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/netplan" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.5_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_network_environment_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://netplan.io/faq</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893889_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893893_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "sethostname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "setdomainname" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893898_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893902_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/issue.net" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893906_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/hosts" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893911_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/networks" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/networks" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893915_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/network" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/network" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893920_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/netplan" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/netplan" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
- URL: https://netplan.io/faq
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops,
Workstations and Servers: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security
configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous
configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers
from exploiting vulnerable services and settings. |
| Subcontrol: |
5.5 |
| Label: |
Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems |
| Description: |
Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring
system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions,
and alert when unauthorized changes occur. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.6 Ensure use of privileged commands are collected
Description:
Monitor privileged programs, those that have the
setuid
and/or
setgid
bit set on execution, to determine if unprivileged users are running these commands.
Execution of privileged commands by non-privileged users could be an indication of
someone trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor the use of privileged commands.
Example script:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
AUDIT_RULE_FILE="/etc/audit/rules.d/50-privileged.rules"
NEW_DATA=()
for PARTITION in $(findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems
| paste -sd,) | grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid" | awk '{print $1}'); do
readarray -t DATA < <(find "${PARTITION}" -xdev -perm /6000 -type f | awk -v UID_MIN=${UID_MIN}
'{print "-a always,exit -F path=" $1 " -F perm=x -F auid>="UID_MIN" -F auid!=unset
-k privileged" }')
for ENTRY in "${DATA[@]}"; do
NEW_DATA+=("${ENTRY}")
done
done
readarray &> /dev/null -t OLD_DATA < "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"
COMBINED_DATA=( "${OLD_DATA[@]}" "${NEW_DATA[@]}" )
printf '%s\n' "${COMBINED_DATA[@]}" | sort -u > "${AUDIT_RULE_FILE}"
}
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Special mount points
If there are any special mount points that are not visible by default from just scanning
/
, change the
PARTITION
variable to the appropriate partition and re-run the remediation.
Impact:
Both the audit and remediation section of this recommendation will traverse all mounted
file systems that is not mounted with either
noexec
or
nosuid
mount options. If there are large file systems without these mount options,
such traversal will be significantly detrimental to the performance of the system.
Before running either the audit or remediation section, inspect the output of the
following command to determine exactly which file systems will be traversed:
# findmnt -n -l -k -it $(awk '/nodev/ { print $2 }' /proc/filesystems | paste -sd,)
| grep -Pv "noexec|nosuid"
To exclude a particular file system due to adverse performance impacts, update the
audit and remediation sections by adding a sufficiently unique string to the
grep
statement. The above command can be used to test the modified exclusions.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd
rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pppd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pam_extrausers_chkpwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist
in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/mount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/newgrp": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/passwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/expiry": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/sudo": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chfn": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/bsd-write": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd
rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chsh": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/vmware-user-suid-wrapper": - auditd rule doesn't exist
in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/umount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chage": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/ssh-agent": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd
rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/crontab": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd
rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/su": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/gpasswd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd
rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/pkexec": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules
file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/fusermount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd
rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign": - auditd rule doesn't exist in
an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper": - auditd rule
doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1": - auditd rule doesn't
exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device": - auditd rule doesn't exist
in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/xorg/Xorg.wrap": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an
auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine": - auditd rule doesn't exist in
an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/camel-lock-helper-1.2": - auditd rule doesn't exist
in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.6_Ensure_use_of_privileged_commands_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-3(1)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pppd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pam_extrausers_chkpwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/mount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/newgrp": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/passwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/expiry": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/sudo": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chfn": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/bsd-write": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chsh": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/vmware-user-suid-wrapper": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/umount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chage": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/ssh-agent": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/crontab": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/su": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/gpasswd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/pkexec": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/fusermount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/xorg/Xorg.wrap": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
<l> - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/camel-lock-helper-1.2": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_privileged_commands_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/unix_chkpwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pppd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/sbin/pam_extrausers_chkpwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/mount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/newgrp": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/passwd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/expiry": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/sudo": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chfn": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/bsd-write": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chsh": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/vmware-user-suid-wrapper": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/umount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/chage": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/ssh-agent": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/crontab": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/su": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/gpasswd": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/pkexec": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/bin/fusermount": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/xorg/Xorg.wrap": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
<li> - Privileged file: "/usr/libexec/camel-lock-helper-1.2": - auditd rule doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, AU-3(1)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.7 Ensure unsuccessful file access attempts are collected
Description:
Monitor for unsuccessful attempts to access files. The following parameters are associated
with system calls that control files:
-
creation -
creat
-
opening -
open
,
openat
-
truncation -
truncate
,
ftruncate
An audit log record will only be written if all of the following criteria is met for
the user when trying to access a file:
- a non-privileged user (auid>=UID_MIN)
- is not a Daemon event (auid=4294967295/unset/-1)
- if the system call returned EACCES (permission denied) or EPERM (some other permanent
error associated with the specific system call)
Failed attempts to open, create or truncate files could be an indication that an individual
or process is trying to gain unauthorized access to the system.
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor unsuccessful file access attempts.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES
-F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM
-F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EACCES
-F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S creat,open,openat,truncate,ftruncate -F exit=-EPERM
-F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k access
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-access.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.7_Ensure_unsuccessful_file_access_attempts_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.564+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893933_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893937_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893942_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893947_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "creat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "open" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "openat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "truncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "ftruncate" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.9 |
| Label: |
Enforce Detail Logging for Access or Changes to Sensitive Data |
| Description: |
Enforce detailed audit logging for access to sensitive data or changes to sensitive
data (utilizing tools such as File Integrity Monitoring or Security Information and
Event Monitoring). |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.8 Ensure events that modify user/group information are collected
Description:
Record events affecting the modification of user or group information, including that
of passwords and old passwords if in use.
- /etc/group
- system groups
- /etc/passwd
- system users
- /etc/gshadow
- encrypted password for each group
- /etc/shadow
- system user passwords
- /etc/security/opasswd
- storage of old passwords if the relevant PAM module is in use
- /etc/nsswitch.conf
- file configures how the system uses various databases and name resolution mechanisms
- /etc/pam.conf
- file determines the authentication services to be used, and the order in which the
services are used.
- /etc/pam.d
- directory contains the PAM configuration files for each PAM-aware application.
The parameters in this section will watch the files to see if they have been opened
for write or have had attribute changes (e.g. permissions) and tag them with the identifier
"identity" in the audit log file.
Unexpected changes to these files could be an indication that the system has been
compromised and that an unauthorized user is attempting to hide their activities or
compromise additional accounts.
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify user/group information.
Example:
# printf "
-w /etc/group -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/passwd -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/gshadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/shadow -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/security/opasswd -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/nsswitch.conf -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/pam.conf -p wa -k identity
-w /etc/pam.d -p wa -k identity
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-identity.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.8_Ensure_events_that_modify_usergroup_information_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/8"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/manpages/nsswitch.conf.5.en.html</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pam_configuration_files</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893951_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/group" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893956_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/passwd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893960_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/gshadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893964_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/shadow" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893968_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/security/opasswd" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893973_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/nsswitch.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893976_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.conf" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893980_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/pam.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
- URL: https://manpages.debian.org/bookworm/manpages/nsswitch.conf.5.en.html
- URL: https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/6/html/managing_smart_cards/pam_configuration_files
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.8 |
| Label: |
Log and Alert on Changes to Administrative Group Membership |
| Description: |
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert when an account is added to or removed
from any group assigned administrative privileges. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.9 Ensure discretionary access control permission modification events are collected
Description:
Monitor changes to file permissions, attributes, ownership and group. The parameters
in this section track changes for system calls that affect file permissions and attributes.
The following commands and system calls effect the permissions, ownership and various
attributes of files.
- chmod
- fchmod
- fchmodat
- chown
- fchown
- fchownat
- lchown
- setxattr
- lsetxattr
- fsetxattr
- removexattr
- lremovexattr
- fremovexattr
In all cases, an audit record will only be written for non-system user ids and will
ignore Daemon events. All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "perm_mod."
Monitoring for changes in file attributes could alert a system administrator to activity
that could indicate intruder activity or policy violation.
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor discretionary access control permission
modification events.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset
-F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S chown,fchown,lchown,fchownat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S chmod,fchmod,fchmodat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset
-F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S lchown,fchown,chown,fchownat -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F
auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr
-F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S setxattr,lsetxattr,fsetxattr,removexattr,lremovexattr,fremovexattr
-F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -F key=perm_mod
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_mod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is
unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.9_Ensure_discretionary_access_control_permission_modification_events_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893987_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893990_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "chmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchmodat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "chown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "lchown" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fchownat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "setxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "lsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fsetxattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "removexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "lremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "fremovexattr" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops,
Workstations and Servers: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security
configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous
configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers
from exploiting vulnerable services and settings. |
| Subcontrol: |
5.5 |
| Label: |
Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems |
| Description: |
Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring
system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions,
and alert when unauthorized changes occur. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.10 Ensure successful file system mounts are collected
Description:
Monitor the use of the
mount
system call. The
mount
(and
umount
) system call controls the mounting and unmounting of file systems. The parameters
below configure the system to create an audit record when the mount system call is
used by a non-privileged user
It is highly unusual for a non privileged user to
mount
file systems to the system. While tracking
mount
commands gives the system administrator evidence that external media may have been
mounted (based on a review of the source of the mount and confirming it's an external
media type), it does not conclusively indicate that data was exported to the media.
System administrators who wish to determine if data were exported, would also have
to track successful
open
,
creat
and
truncate
system calls requiring write access to a file under the mount point of the external
media file system. This could give a fair indication that a write occurred. The only
way to truly prove it, would be to track successful writes to the external media.
Tracking write system calls could quickly fill up the audit log and is not recommended.
Recommendations on configuration options to track data export to media is beyond the
scope of this document.
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful file system mounts.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S mount -F auid>=$UID_MIN -F auid!=unset -k mounts
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S mount -F auid>=$UID_MIN -F auid!=unset -k mounts
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-mounts.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.10_Ensure_successful_file_system_mounts_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893996_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894000_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "mount" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.11 Ensure session initiation information is collected
Description:
Monitor session initiation events. The parameters in this section track changes to
the files associated with session events.
- /var/run/utmp
- tracks all currently logged in users.
- /var/log/wtmp
- file tracks logins, logouts, shutdown, and reboot events.
- /var/log/btmp
- keeps track of failed login attempts and can be read by entering the command
/usr/bin/last -f /var/log/btmp
.
All audit records will be tagged with the identifier "session."
Monitoring these files for changes could alert a system administrator to logins occurring
at unusual hours, which could indicate intruder activity (i.e. a user logging in at
a time when they do not normally log in).
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor session initiation information.
Example:
# printf "
-w /var/run/utmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/wtmp -p wa -k session
-w /var/log/btmp -p wa -k session
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-session.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.11_Ensure_session_initiation_information_is_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/13"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010279 | RULE ID: SV-238317r991581 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010278 | RULE ID: SV-238316r991581 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010277 | RULE ID: SV-238315r991581 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-654195 | RULE ID: SV-260641r991581 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-654200 | RULE ID: SV-260642r991581 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-654205 | RULE ID: SV-260643r991581 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894005_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/utmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894009_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/wtmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894012_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/btmp" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010279 | RULE ID: SV-238317r991581 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010278 | RULE ID: SV-238316r991581 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010277 | RULE ID: SV-238315r991581 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-654195 | RULE ID: SV-260641r991581 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-654200 | RULE ID: SV-260642r991581 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-654205 | RULE ID: SV-260643r991581 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.9 |
| Label: |
Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login |
| Description: |
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative
account. |
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.13 |
| Label: |
Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation |
| Description: |
Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, workstation
location and duration. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.12 Ensure login and logout events are collected
Description:
Monitor login and logout events. The parameters below track changes to files associated
with login/logout events.
- /var/log/lastlog
- maintain records of the last time a user successfully logged in.
- /var/run/faillock
- directory maintains records of login failures via the
pam_faillock
module.
Monitoring login/logout events could provide a system administrator with information
associated with brute force attacks against user logins.
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor login and logout events.
Example:
# printf "
-w /var/log/lastlog -p wa -k logins
-w /var/run/faillock -p wa -k logins
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-login.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.12_Ensure_login_and_logout_events_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/9"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/13"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894016_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/log/lastlog" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894020_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /var/run/faillock" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.9 |
| Label: |
Log and Alert on Unsuccessful Administrative Account Login |
| Description: |
Configure systems to issue a log entry and alert on unsuccessful logins to an administrative
account. |
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.11 |
| Label: |
Lock Workstation Sessions After Inactivity |
| Description: |
Automatically lock workstation sessions after a standard period of inactivity. |
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.13 |
| Label: |
Alert on Account Login Behavior Deviation |
| Description: |
Alert when users deviate from normal login behavior, such as time-of-day, workstation
location and duration. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.13 Ensure file deletion events by users are collected
Description:
Monitor the use of system calls associated with the deletion or renaming of files
and file attributes. This configuration statement sets up monitoring for:
- unlink
- remove a file
- unlinkat
- remove a file attribute
- rename
- rename a file
- renameat
rename a file attribute
system calls and tags them with the identifier "delete".
Monitoring these calls from non-privileged users could provide a system administrator
with evidence that inappropriate removal of files and file attributes associated with
protected files is occurring. While this audit option will look at all events, system
administrators will want to look for specific privileged files that are being deleted
or altered.
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor file deletion events by users.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=${UID_MIN}
-F auid!=unset -F key=delete
-a always,exit -F arch=b32 -S rename,unlink,unlinkat,renameat -F auid>=${UID_MIN}
-F auid!=unset -F key=delete
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-delete.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.13_Ensure_file_deletion_events_by_users_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-12, SC-7</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010267 | Rule ID: SV-238310r991577 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-654185 | Rule ID: SV-260639r991577 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894025_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894028_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "rename" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "unlink" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "unlinkat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "renameat" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-12, SC-7
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010267 | Rule ID: SV-238310r991577 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-654185 | Rule ID: SV-260639r991577 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.14 Ensure events that modify the system's Mandatory Access Controls are collected
Description:
Monitor AppArmor, an implementation of mandatory access controls. The parameters below
monitor any write access (potential additional, deletion or modification of files
in the directory) or attribute changes to the
/etc/apparmor/
and
/etc/apparmor.d/
directories.
Note:
If a different Mandatory Access Control method is used, changes to the corresponding
directories should be audited.
Changes to files in the
/etc/apparmor/
and
/etc/apparmor.d/
directories could indicate that an unauthorized user is attempting to modify access
controls and change security contexts, leading to a compromise of the system.
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor events that modify the system's Mandatory
Access Controls.
Example:
# printf "
-w /etc/apparmor/ -p wa -k MAC-policy
-w /etc/apparmor.d/ -p wa -k MAC-policy
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-MAC-policy.rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/apparmor" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/apparmor.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.14_Ensure_events_that_modify_the_systems_Mandatory_Access_Controls_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/5/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894033_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/apparmor" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/apparmor" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894036_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/apparmor.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-w /etc/apparmor.d" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 5: Secure Configuration for Hardware and Software on Mobile Devices, Laptops,
Workstations and Servers: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish, implement, and actively manage (track, report on, correct) the security
configuration of mobile devices, laptops, servers, and workstations using a rigorous
configuration management and change control process in order to prevent attackers
from exploiting vulnerable services and settings. |
| Subcontrol: |
5.5 |
| Label: |
Implement Automated Configuration Monitoring Systems |
| Description: |
Utilize a Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) compliant configuration monitoring
system to verify all security configuration elements, catalog approved exceptions,
and alert when unauthorized changes occur. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.15 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chcon command are collected
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses
of the
chcon
command.
The
chcon
command is used to change file security context. Without generating audit records
that are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would
be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident
or identify those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts
to use the
chcon
command.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chcon -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset
-k perm_chng
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is
unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.15_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chcon_command_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894042_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chcon" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.16 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the setfacl command are collected
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses
of the
setfacl
command
This utility sets Access Control Lists (ACLs) of files and directories. Without
generating audit records that are specific to the security and mission needs of the
organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate, and investigate the events
relating to an incident or identify those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts
to use the
setfacl
command.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/setfacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset
-k perm_chng
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is
unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.16_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_setfacl_command_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894047_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/setfacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.17 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the chacl command are collected
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses
of the
chacl
command.
chacl
is an IRIX-compatibility command, and is maintained for those users who are familiar
with its use from either XFS or IRIX.
chacl
changes the ACL(s) for a file or directory. Without generating audit records that
are specific to the security and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult
to establish, correlate, and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify
those responsible for one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts
to use the
chacl
command.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/chacl -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset
-k perm_chng
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-perm_chng.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is
unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.17_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_chacl_command_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894051_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/chacl" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.18 Ensure successful and unsuccessful attempts to use the usermod command are collected
Description:
The operating system must generate audit records for successful/unsuccessful uses
of the
usermod
command.
The
usermod
command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified
on the command line. Without generating audit records that are specific to the security
and mission needs of the organization, it would be difficult to establish, correlate,
and investigate the events relating to an incident or identify those responsible for
one.
Audit records can be generated from various components within the information system
(e.g., module or policy filter).
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor successful and unsuccessful attempts
to use the
usermod
command.
Example:
# {
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/sbin/usermod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset
-k usermod
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-usermod.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN' is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.18_Ensure_successful_and_unsuccessful_attempts_to_use_the_usermod_command_are_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894055_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/sbin/usermod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-2, AU-12, SI-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.2 |
| Label: |
Collect Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Collect audit logs. Ensure that logging, per the enterprise's audit log management
process, has been enabled across enterprise assets. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.19 Ensure kernel module loading unloading and modification is collected
Description:
Monitor the loading and unloading of kernel modules. All the loading / listing / dependency
checking of modules is done by
kmod
via symbolic links.
The following system calls control loading and unloading of modules:
- init_module
- load a module
- finit_module
- load a module (used when the overhead of using cryptographically signed modules
to determine the authenticity of a module can be avoided)
- delete_module
- delete a module
- create_module
- create a loadable module entry
- query_module
- query the kernel for various bits pertaining to modules
Any execution of the loading and unloading module programs and system calls will trigger
an audit record with an identifier of
modules
.
Monitoring the use of all the various ways to manipulate kernel modules could provide
system administrators with evidence that an unauthorized change was made to a kernel
module, possibly compromising the security of the system.
Create audit rules
Edit or create a file in the
/etc/audit/rules.d/
directory, ending in
.rules
extension, with the relevant rules to monitor kernel module modification.
Example:
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
UID_MIN=$(awk '/^\s*UID_MIN/{print $2}' /etc/login.defs)
[ -n "${UID_MIN}" ] && printf "
-a always,exit -F arch=b64 -S init_module,finit_module,delete_module,create_module,query_module
-F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset -k kernel_modules
-a always,exit -F path=/usr/bin/kmod -F perm=x -F auid>=${UID_MIN} -F auid!=unset
-k kernel_modules
" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/50-kernel_modules.rules || printf "ERROR: Variable 'UID_MIN'
is unset.\n"
}
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
- - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file
- - auditctl command not found on the system
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.19_Ensure_kernel_module_loading_unloading_and_modification_is_collected"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010296 | RULE ID: SV-238318r991586 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-654060 | RULE ID: SV-260614r991586 | CAT II</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894060_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "create_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "init_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "delete_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "query_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "finit_module" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894064_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</l>
<l> - auditctl command not found on the system</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd rule for: "-F path=/usr/bin/kmod" doesn't exist in an auditd rules file</li>
<li> - auditctl command not found on the system</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3, CM-6
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010296 | RULE ID: SV-238318r991586 | CAT II
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-654060 | RULE ID: SV-260614r991586 | CAT II
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Fail6.3.3.20 Ensure the audit configuration is immutable
Description:
Set system audit so that audit rules cannot be modified with
auditctl
. Setting the flag "-e 2" forces audit to be put in immutable mode. Audit changes
can only be made on system reboot.
Note:
This setting will require the system to be rebooted to update the active
auditd
configuration settings.
In immutable mode, unauthorized users cannot execute changes to the audit system to
potentially hide malicious activity and then put the audit rules back. Users would
most likely notice a system reboot and that could alert administrators of an attempt
to make unauthorized audit changes.
Edit or create the file
/etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules
and add the line
-e 2
at the end of the file:
Example:
# printf '\n%s' "-e 2" >> /etc/audit/rules.d/99-finalize.rules
Load audit rules
Merge and load the rules into active configuration:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
# if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then printf "Reboot required to
load rules\n"; fi
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - Auditd Immutable flag: "-e 2" not found in a rule file
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.20_Ensure_the_audit_configuration_is_immutable"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-3, AU-12, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894068_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - Auditd Immutable flag: "-e 2" not found in a rule file</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_rule_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - Auditd Immutable flag: "-e 2" not found in a rule file</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, AU-3, AU-12, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.2 |
| Label: |
Activate audit logging |
| Description: |
Ensure that local logging has been enabled on all systems and networking devices. |
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
Manual6.3.3.21 Ensure the running and on disk configuration is the same
Description:
The Audit system have both on disk and running configuration. It is possible for these
configuration settings to differ.
Note:
Due to the limitations of
augenrules
and
auditctl
, it is not absolutely guaranteed that loading the rule sets via
augenrules --load
will result in all rules being loaded or even that the user will be informed if there
was a problem loading the rules.
Configuration differences between what is currently running and what is on disk could
cause unexpected problems or may give a false impression of compliance requirements.
If the rules are not aligned across all three () areas, run the following command
to merge and load all rules:
# augenrules --load
Check if reboot is required.
if [[ $(auditctl -s | grep "enabled") =~ "2" ]]; then echo "Reboot required to load
rules"; fi
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.3.21_Ensure_the_running_and_on_disk_configuration_is_the_same"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.565+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/8/subcontrol/5"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/6/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 6: Maintenance, Monitoring and Analysis of Audit Logs: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, manage and analyze audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Subcontrol: |
6.3 |
| Label: |
Enable Detailed Logging |
| Description: |
Enable system logging to include detailed information such as a event source, date,
user, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses, and other useful elements. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 8: Audit Log Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Collect, alert, review, and retain audit logs of events that could help detect, understand,
or recover from an attack. |
| Safeguard: |
8.5 |
| Label: |
Collect Detailed Audit Logs |
| Description: |
Configure detailed audit logging for enterprise assets containing sensitive data.
Include event source, date, username, timestamp, source addresses, destination addresses,
and other useful elements that could assist in a forensic investigation. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Detect |
>
6.3.4 Configure auditd File Access
Without the capability to restrict which roles and individuals can select which events
are audited, unauthorized personnel may be able to prevent the auditing of critical
events.
Fail6.3.4.1 Ensure audit log files mode is configured
Description:
Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.
Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, potentially
compromising its confidentiality.
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than
0640
from audit log files:
# [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print
$2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f -perm /0137 -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx
{} +
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.
- - ** Verify auditd is installed **
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.1_Ensure_audit_log_files_mode_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894072_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.</l>
<l> - ** Verify auditd is installed **</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_logfile_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.</li>
<li> - ** Verify auditd is installed **</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail6.3.4.2 Ensure audit log files owner is configured
Description:
Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.
Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, potentially
compromising its confidentiality.
Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be owned by the
root
user:
# [ -f /etc/audit/auditd.conf ] && find "$(dirname $(awk -F "=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print
$2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf | xargs))" -type f ! -user root -exec chown root {} +
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.
- - ** Verify auditd is installed **
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.2_Ensure_audit_log_files_owner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894076_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.</l>
<l> - ** Verify auditd is installed **</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_log_files_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.</li>
<li> - ** Verify auditd is installed **</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.3.4.3 Ensure audit log files group owner is configured
Description:
Audit log files contain information about the system and system activity.
Access to audit records can reveal system and configuration data to attackers, potentially
compromising its confidentiality.
Run the following command to configure the audit log files to be group owned by
adm
:
# find $(dirname $(awk -F"=" '/^\s*log_file/ {print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf |
xargs)) -type f \( ! -group adm -a ! -group root \) -exec chgrp adm {} +
Run the following command to set the
log_group
parameter in the audit configuration file to
log_group = adm
:
# sed -ri 's/^\s*#?\s*log_group\s*=\s*\S+(\s*#.*)?.*$/log_group = adm\1/' /etc/audit/auditd.conf
Run the following command to restart the audit daemon to reload the configuration
file:
# systemctl restart auditd
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- ** WARNING **
- - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.
- ** Verify auditd is installed **
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.3_Ensure_audit_log_files_group_owner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894080_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l/>
<l> ** WARNING **</l>
<l> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.</l>
<l> ** Verify auditd is installed **</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_log_files_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li/>
<li> ** WARNING **</li>
<li> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found.</li>
<li> ** Verify auditd is installed **</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail6.3.4.4 Ensure the audit log file directory mode is configured
Description:
The audit log directory contains audit log files.
Audit information includes all information including: audit records, audit settings
and audit reports. This information is needed to successfully audit system activity.
This information must be protected from unauthorized modification or deletion. If
this information were to be compromised, forensic analysis and discovery of the true
source of potentially malicious system activity is impossible to achieve.
Run the following command to configure the audit log directory to have a mode of "0750"
or less permissive:
# chmod g-w,o-rwx "$(dirname "$(awk -F= '/^\s*log_file\s*/{print $2}' /etc/audit/auditd.conf
| xargs)")"
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found
- - ** Verify auditd is installed **
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.4_Ensure_the_audit_log_file_directory_mode_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894083_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found</l>
<l> - ** Verify auditd is installed **</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_auditd_logfile_directory_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li> - File: "/etc/audit/auditd.conf" not found</li>
<li> - ** Verify auditd is installed **</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.3.4.5 Ensure audit configuration files mode is configured
Description:
Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.
Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent
the auditing of critical events.
Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events
or impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration
of the audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and
investigate events relating to an incident.
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode than
0640
from the audit configuration files:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) -exec chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx
{} +
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.5_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_mode_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894087_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894090_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.3.4.6 Ensure audit configuration files owner is configured
Description:
Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.
Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent
the auditing of critical events.
Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events
or impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration
of the audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and
investigate events relating to an incident.
Run the following command to change ownership to
root
user:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -user root -exec
chown root {} +
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.6_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_owner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894093_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894096_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.3.4.7 Ensure audit configuration files group owner is configured
Description:
Audit configuration files control auditd and what events are audited.
Access to the audit configuration files could allow unauthorized personnel to prevent
the auditing of critical events.
Misconfigured audit configuration files may prevent the auditing of critical events
or impact the system's performance by overwhelming the audit log. Misconfiguration
of the audit configuration files may also make it more difficult to establish and
investigate events relating to an incident.
Run the following command to change group to
root
:
# find /etc/audit/ -type f \( -name '*.conf' -o -name '*.rules' \) ! -group root -exec
chgrp root {} +
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"
|
| Errors: |
- find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory
|
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.7_Ensure_audit_configuration_files_group_owner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894099_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.conf" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894102_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err>
<l>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</l>
</err>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_file_collection_group_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No files matching "*.rules" exist in: "/etc/audit/"</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Errors:</td>
<td>
<ul>
<li>find: ‘/etc/audit/’: No such file or directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.3.4.8 Ensure audit tools mode is configured
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit
tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity
and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to
view and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized
operation on audit information.
Run the following command to remove more permissive mode from the audit tools:
# chmod go-w /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace /sbin/auditd
/sbin/augenrules
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.8_Ensure_audit_tools_mode_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894106_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894108_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894111_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894113_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894117_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894119_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.3.4.9 Ensure audit tools owner is configured
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit
tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity
and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to
view and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized
operation on audit information.
Run the following command to change the owner of the audit tools to the
root
user:
# chown root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace /sbin/auditd
/sbin/augenrules
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.9_Ensure_audit_tools_owner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.566+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894123_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894125_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894128_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894131_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894134_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894135_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass6.3.4.10 Ensure audit tools group owner is configured
Description:
Audit tools include, but are not limited to, vendor-provided and open source audit
tools needed to successfully view and manipulate audit information system activity
and records. Audit tools include custom queries and report generators.
Protecting audit information includes identifying and protecting the tools used to
view and manipulate log data. Protecting audit tools is necessary to prevent unauthorized
operation on audit information.
Run the following command to change group ownership to the group
root
:
# chgrp root /sbin/auditctl /sbin/aureport /sbin/ausearch /sbin/autrace /sbin/auditd
/sbin/augenrules
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_6.3.4.10_Ensure_audit_tools_group_owner_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894139_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/auditctl" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894141_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/aureport" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894144_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/ausearch" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894147_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/autrace" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894148_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/auditd" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6894151_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/sbin/augenrules" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AU-3
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
7 System Maintenance
Recommendations in this section are intended as maintenance and are intended to be
checked on a frequent basis to ensure system stability. Many recommendations do not
have quick remediations and require investigation into the cause and best fix available
and may indicate an attempted breach of system security.
7.1 Configure system file and directory access
This section provides guidance on securing aspects of system files and directories.
Pass7.1.1 Ensure access to /etc/passwd is configured
Description:
The /etc/passwd
file contains user account information that is used by many system utilities and therefore
must be readable for these utilities to operate.
It is critical to ensure that the
/etc/passwd
file is protected from unauthorized write access. Although it is protected by default,
the file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on
/etc/passwd
:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd
# chown root:root /etc/passwd
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/passwd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/passwd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/passwd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.1_Ensure_access_to_etcpasswd_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893507_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/passwd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/passwd" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893510_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/passwd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/passwd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893513_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/passwd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/passwd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.2 Ensure access to /etc/passwd- is configured
Description:
The /etc/passwd-
file contains backup user account information.
It is critical to ensure that the
/etc/passwd-
file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the
file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on
/etc/passwd-
:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/passwd-
# chown root:root /etc/passwd-
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/passwd-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/passwd-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/passwd-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.2_Ensure_access_to_etcpasswd-_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893517_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893521_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893524_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/passwd-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.3 Ensure access to /etc/group is configured
Description:
The /etc/group
file contains a list of all the valid groups defined in the system. The command below
allows read/write access for root and read access for everyone else.
The /etc/group
file needs to be protected from unauthorized changes by non-privileged users, but
needs to be readable as this information is used with many non-privileged programs.
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on
/etc/group
:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group
# chown root:root /etc/group
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/group" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/group" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/group" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.3_Ensure_access_to_etcgroup_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893528_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/group" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/group" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893532_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/group" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/group" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893534_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/group" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/group" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.4 Ensure access to /etc/group- is configured
Description:
The /etc/group-
file contains a backup list of all the valid groups defined in the system.
It is critical to ensure that the
/etc/group-
file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the
file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on
/etc/group-
:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/group-
# chown root:root /etc/group-
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/group-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/group-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/group-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.4_Ensure_access_to_etcgroup-_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_7033999_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/group-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/group-" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_7034000_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/group-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/group-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_7034001_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/group-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/group-" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.5 Ensure access to /etc/shadow is configured
Description:
The /etc/shadow
file is used to store the information about user accounts that is critical to the
security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.
If attackers can gain read access to the
/etc/shadow
file, they can easily run a password cracking program against the hashed password
to break it. Other security information that is stored in the
/etc/shadow
file (such as expiration) could also be useful to subvert the user accounts.
Run
one
of the following commands to set ownership of
/etc/shadow
to
root
and group to either
root
or
shadow
:
# chown root:shadow /etc/shadow
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/shadow
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form
/etc/shadow
:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/shadow
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(root
or shadow)")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.5_Ensure_access_to_etcshadow_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893553_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893559_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893565_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(root or shadow)")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(root or shadow)")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.6 Ensure access to /etc/shadow- is configured
Description:
The /etc/shadow-
file is used to store backup information about user accounts that is critical to the
security of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.
It is critical to ensure that the
/etc/shadow-
file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the
file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Run
one
of the following commands to set ownership of
/etc/shadow-
to
root
and group to either
root
or
shadow
:
# chown root:shadow /etc/shadow-
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/shadow-
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form
/etc/shadow-
:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/shadow-
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(root
or shadow)")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.6_Ensure_access_to_etcshadow-_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893575_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893580_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893586_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(root or shadow)")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(root or shadow)")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.7 Ensure access to /etc/gshadow is configured
Description:
The /etc/gshadow
file is used to store the information about groups that is critical to the security
of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.
If attackers can gain read access to the
/etc/gshadow
file, they can easily run a password cracking program against the hashed password
to break it. Other security information that is stored in the
/etc/gshadow
file (such as group administrators) could also be useful to subvert the group.
Run
one
of the following commands to set ownership of
/etc/gshadow
to
root
and group to either
root
or
shadow
:
# chown root:shadow /etc/gshadow
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/gshadow
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form
/etc/gshadow
:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/gshadow
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/gshadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/gshadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/gshadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(shadow
or root)")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.7_Ensure_access_to_etcgshadow_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893592_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893599_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893606_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(shadow or root)")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/gshadow" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(shadow or root)")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.8 Ensure access to /etc/gshadow- is configured
Description:
The /etc/gshadow-
file is used to store backup information about groups that is critical to the security
of those accounts, such as the hashed password and other security information.
It is critical to ensure that the
/etc/gshadow-
file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the
file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Run
one
of the following commands to set ownership of
/etc/gshadow-
to
root
and group to either
root
or
shadow
:
# chown root:shadow /etc/gshadow-
-OR-
# chown root:root /etc/gshadow-
Run the following command to remove excess permissions form
/etc/gshadow-
:
# chmod u-x,g-wx,o-rwx /etc/gshadow-
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(shadow
or root)")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.8_Ensure_access_to_etcgshadow-_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893614_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is mode: "0640" (should be mode: "640" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893618_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893623_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(shadow or root)")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/gshadow-" is group owned by: "shadow" (should be group owned by: "(shadow or root)")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.9 Ensure access to /etc/shells is configured
Description:
/etc/shells
is a text file which contains the full pathnames of valid login shells. This file
is consulted by
chsh
and available to be queried by other programs.
It is critical to ensure that the
/etc/shells
file is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the
file permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on
/etc/shells
:
# chmod u-x,go-wx /etc/shells
# chown root:root /etc/shells
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shells" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shells" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/shells" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.9_Ensure_access_to_etcshells_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893631_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shells" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shells" is mode: "0644" (should be mode: "644" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893636_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shells" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shells" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893642_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/shells" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/shells" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.10 Ensure access to /etc/security/opasswd is configured
Description:
/etc/security/opasswd
and it's backup
/etc/security/opasswd.old
hold user's previous passwords if
pam_unix
or pam_pwhistory
is in use on the system
It is critical to ensure that
/etc/security/opasswd
is protected from unauthorized access. Although it is protected by default, the file
permissions could be changed either inadvertently or through malicious actions.
Run the following commands to remove excess permissions, set owner, and set group
on
/etc/security/opasswd
and
/etc/security/opasswd.old
is they exist:
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd" ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/security/opasswd
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd" ] && chown root:root /etc/security/opasswd
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd.old" ] && chmod u-x,go-rwx /etc/security/opasswd.old
# [ -e "/etc/security/opasswd.old" ] && chown root:root /etc/security/opasswd.old
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)
|
| No error lines were collected. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned
by: "root")
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_mode_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_owner_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.10_Ensure_access_to_etcsecurityopasswd_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893650_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is mode: "0600" (should be mode: "600" or more restrictive)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893656_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is owned by: "root" (should be owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893662_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - file: "/etc/security/opasswd" is group owned by: "root" (should be group owned by: "root")</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893668_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_mode_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_mode_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893674_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_owner_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_owner_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-export export-name="XCCDF_VALUE_REGEX"
value-id="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_value_6893681_var"/>
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - "/etc/security/opasswd.old" doesn't exist</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.11 Ensure world writable files and directories are secured
Description:
World writable files are the least secure. Data in world-writable files can be modified
and compromised by any user on the system. World writable files may also indicate
an incorrectly written script or program that could potentially be the cause of a
larger compromise to the system's integrity. See the
chmod(2)
man page for more information.
Setting the sticky bit on world writable directories prevents users from deleting
or renaming files in that directory that are not owned by them.
Data in world-writable files can be modified and compromised by any user on the system.
World writable files may also indicate an incorrectly written script or program that
could potentially be the cause of a larger compromise to the system's integrity.
This feature prevents the ability to delete or rename files in world writable directories
(such as
/tmp
) that are owned by another user.
-
World Writable Files:
-
It is recommended that write access is removed from
other
with the command (
chmod o-w <filename>
), but always consult relevant vendor documentation to avoid breaking any application
dependencies on a given file.
-
World Writable Directories:
-
Set the sticky bit on all world writable directories with the command (
chmod a+t <directory_name>
)
Run the following script to:
- Remove other write permission from any world writable files
- Add the sticky bit to all world writable directories
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
l_smask='01000'
a_file=(); a_dir=() # Initialize arrays
a_path=(! -path "/run/user/*" -a ! -path "/proc/*" -a ! -path "*/containerd/*" -a
! -path "*/kubelet/pods/*" -a ! -path "*/kubelet/plugins/*" -a ! -path "/sys/*" -a
! -path "/snap/*")
while IFS= read -r l_mount; do
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_file; do
if [ -e "$l_file" ]; then
l_mode="$(stat -Lc '%#a' "$l_file")"
if [ -f "$l_file" ]; then # Remove excess permissions from WW files
echo -e " - File: \"$l_file\" is mode: \"$l_mode\"\n - removing write permission
on \"$l_file\" from \"other\""
chmod o-w "$l_file"
fi
if [ -d "$l_file" ]; then # Add sticky bit
if [ ! $(( $l_mode & $l_smask )) -gt 0 ]; then
echo -e " - Directory: \"$l_file\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and doesn't have the sticky
bit set\n - Adding the sticky bit"
chmod a+t "$l_file"
fi
fi
fi
done < <(find "$l_mount" -xdev \( "${a_path[@]}" \) \( -type f -o -type d \) -perm
-0002 -print0 2> /dev/null)
done < <(findmnt -Dkerno fstype,target | awk '($1 !~ /^\s*(nfs|proc|smb|vfat|iso9660|efivarfs|selinuxfs)/
&& $2 !~ /^(\/run\/user\/|\/tmp|\/var\/tmp)/){print $2}')
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - No world writable files exist on the local filesystem.
- - Sticky bit is set on world writable directories on the local filesystem.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.11_Ensure_world_writable_files_and_directories_are_secured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-20-010411 | Rule ID: SV-238332r958524 | CAT ||</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">STIG ID: UBTU-22-232145 | Rule ID: SV-260513r958524 | CAT ||</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - No world writable files exist on the local filesystem.</l>
<l> - Sticky bit is set on world writable directories on the local filesystem.</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_world_writable_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - No world writable files exist on the local filesystem.</li>
<li> - Sticky bit is set on world writable directories on the local filesystem.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-20-010411 | Rule ID: SV-238332r958524 | CAT ||
- URL: STIG ID: UBTU-22-232145 | Rule ID: SV-260513r958524 | CAT ||
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.1.12 Ensure no files or directories without an owner and a group exist
Description:
Administrators may delete users or groups from the system and neglect to remove all
files and/or directories owned by those users or groups.
A new user or group who is assigned a deleted user's user ID or group ID may then
end up "owning" a deleted user or group's files, and thus have more access on the
system than was intended.
Remove or set ownership and group ownership of these files and/or directories to an
active user on the system as appropriate.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No files or directories without an owner exist on the local filesystem.
- - No files or directories without a group exist on the local filesystem.
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.12_Ensure_no_files_or_directories_without_an_owner_and_a_group_exist"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - No files or directories without an owner exist on the local filesystem.</l>
<l> - No files or directories without a group exist on the local filesystem.</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_unowned_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - No files or directories without an owner exist on the local filesystem.</li>
<li> - No files or directories without a group exist on the local filesystem.</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: AC-3. MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Manual7.1.13 Ensure SUID and SGID files are reviewed
Description:
The owner of a file can set the file's permissions to run with the owner's or group's
permissions, even if the user running the program is not the owner or a member of
the group. The most common reason for a SUID or SGID program is to enable users to
perform functions (such as changing their password) that require root privileges.
There are valid reasons for SUID and SGID programs, but it is important to identify
and review such programs to ensure they are legitimate. Review the files returned
by the action in the audit section and check to see if system binaries have a different
checksum than what from the package. This is an indication that the binary may have
been replaced.
Ensure that no rogue SUID or SGID programs have been introduced into the system. Review
the files returned by the action in the Audit section and confirm the integrity of
these binaries.
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.1.13_Ensure_SUID_and_SGID_files_are_reviewed"
role="unscored"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="0.0">
<xccdf:result>notchecked</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5, AC-3, MP-2</xccdf:ident>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5, AC-3, MP-2
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
7.2 Local User and Group Settings
This section provides guidance on securing aspects of the local users and groups.
Note:
The recommendations in this section check local users and groups. Any users or groups
from other sources such as LDAP will not be audited. In a domain environment similar
checks should be performed against domain users and groups.
Pass7.2.1 Ensure accounts in /etc/passwd use shadowed passwords
Description:
Local accounts can uses shadowed passwords. With shadowed passwords, The passwords
are saved in shadow password file,
/etc/shadow
, encrypted by a salted one-way hash. Accounts with a shadowed password have an
x
in the second field in
/etc/passwd
.
The /etc/passwd
file also contains information like user ID's and group ID's that are used by many
system programs. Therefore, the
/etc/passwd
file must remain world readable. In spite of encoding the password with a randomly-generated
one-way hash function, an attacker could still break the system if they got access
to the
/etc/passwd
file. This can be mitigated by using shadowed passwords, thus moving the passwords
in the
/etc/passwd
file to
/etc/shadow
. The
/etc/shadow
file is set so only root will be able to read and write. This helps mitigate the risk
of an attacker gaining access to the encoded passwords with which to perform a dictionary
attack.
Note:
- All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from being used
by an unauthorized user.
-
A user account with an empty second field in
/etc/passwd
allows the account to be logged into by providing only the username.
Run the following command to set accounts to use shadowed passwords and migrate passwords
in
/etc/passwd
to
/etc/shadow
:
# pwconv
Investigate to determine if the account is logged in and what it is being used for,
to determine if it needs to be forced off.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/passwd exists and matches pattern ^\h*[^:#\n\r]+:[^x:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*$ |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.1_Ensure_accounts_in_etcpasswd_use_shadowed_passwords"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/16/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/11"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">PWCONV(8)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893708"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893708">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893708"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/passwd exists and matches pattern ^\h*[^:#\n\r]+:[^x:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]*$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
- URL: PWCONV(8)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 16: Account Monitoring and Control: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Actively manage the life cycle of system and application accounts - their creation,
use, dormancy, deletion - in order to minimize opportunities for attackers to leverage
them. |
| Subcontrol: |
16.4 |
| Label: |
Encrypt or Hash all Authentication Credentials |
| Description: |
Encrypt or hash with a salt all authentication credentials when stored. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.11 |
| Label: |
Encrypt Sensitive Data at Rest |
| Description: |
Encrypt sensitive data at rest on servers, applications, and databases containing
sensitive data. Storage-layer encryption, also known as server-side encryption, meets
the minimum requirement of this Safeguard. Additional encryption methods may include
application-layer encryption, also known as client-side encryption, where access to
the data storage device(s) does not permit access to the plain-text data. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-2 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.2.2 Ensure /etc/shadow password fields are not empty
Description:
An account with an empty password field means that anybody may log in as that user
without providing a password.
All accounts must have passwords or be locked to prevent the account from being used
by an unauthorized user.
If any accounts in the
/etc/shadow
file do not have a password, run the following command to lock the account until it
can be determined why it does not have a password:
# passwd -l <username>
Also, check to see if the account is logged in and investigate what it is being used
for to determine if it needs to be forced off.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No users password field is empty in /etc/shadow
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.2_Ensure_etcshadow_password_fields_are_not_empty"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/4/subcontrol/4"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/5/subcontrol/2"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-6 b</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No users password field is empty in /etc/shadow</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_shadow_password_field_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No users password field is empty in /etc/shadow</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-6 b
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 4: Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct the use, assignment,
and configuration of administrative privileges on computers, networks, and applications. |
| Subcontrol: |
4.4 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Where multi-factor authentication is not supported (such as local administrator, root,
or service accounts), accounts will use passwords that are unique to that system. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 5: Account Management: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Use processes and tools to assign and manage authorization to credentials for user
accounts, including administrator accounts, as well as service accounts, to enterprise
assets and software. |
| Safeguard: |
5.2 |
| Label: |
Use Unique Passwords |
| Description: |
Use unique passwords for all enterprise assets. Best practice implementation includes,
at a minimum, an 8-character password for accounts using MFA and a 14-character password
for accounts not using MFA. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.2.3 Ensure all groups in /etc/passwd exist in /etc/group
Description:
Over time, system administration errors and changes can lead to groups being defined
in /etc/passwd
but not in
/etc/group
.
Groups defined in the
/etc/passwd
file but not in the
/etc/group
file pose a threat to system security since group permissions are not properly managed.
Analyze the output of the Audit step above and perform the appropriate action to correct
any discrepancies found.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No GIDs exist in /etc/passwd that do not exist in /etc/group
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.3_Ensure_all_groups_in_etcpasswd_exist_in_etcgroup"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No GIDs exist in /etc/passwd that do not exist in /etc/group</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_group_in_passwd_not_in_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No GIDs exist in /etc/passwd that do not exist in /etc/group</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
- Control 14: Security Awareness and Skills Training: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Establish and maintain a security awareness program to influence behavior among the
workforce to be security conscious and properly skilled to reduce cybersecurity risks
to the enterprise. |
| Safeguard: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Train Workforce Members on Recognizing and Reporting Security Incidents |
| Description: |
Train workforce members to be able to recognize a potential incident and be able to
report such an incident. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.2.4 Ensure shadow group is empty
Description:
The shadow group allows system programs which require access the ability to read the
/etc/shadow file. No users should be assigned to the shadow group.
Any users assigned to the shadow group would be granted read access to the /etc/shadow
file. If attackers can gain read access to the
/etc/shadow
file, they can easily run a password cracking program against the hashed passwords
to break them. Other security information that is stored in the
/etc/shadow
file (such as expiration) could also be useful to subvert additional user accounts.
Run the following command to remove all users from the shadow group
# sed -ri 's/(^shadow:[^:]*:[^:]*:)([^:]+$)/\1/' /etc/group
Change the primary group of any users with shadow as their primary group.
# usermod -g <primary group> <user>
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Criterion: |
Ensure no file named /etc/group exists and matches pattern ^shadow:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]+$ |
| Existence Check: |
None Exist |
| Item Check: |
All |
| Result: |
Pass |
| No matching system items were found. |
| Script: |
sce/nix_user_shadow_primary_group_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** PASS **
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No users have group shadow as their primary group
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.4_Ensure_shadow_group_is_empty"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.567+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://oval.mitre.org/XMLSchema/oval-definitions-5"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="#OVAL-Results-1"
name="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893733"/>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="definition"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:def:6893733">
<div class="criteria">
<div class="criterion"
id="oval:org.cisecurity.benchmarks.canonical_ubuntu_linux_20:tst:6893733"
check="all"
check_existence="none_exist">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Criterion:</td>
<td>Ensure no file named /etc/group exists and matches pattern ^shadow:[^:]*:[^:]*:[^:]+$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Existence Check:</td>
<td>None Exist</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Item Check:</td>
<td>All</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>No matching system items were found.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_shadow_primary_group_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_user_shadow_primary_group_chk.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_user_shadow_primary_group_chk.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** PASS **</l>
<l> - * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No users have group shadow as their primary group</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_user_shadow_primary_group_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** PASS **</li>
<li> - * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No users have group shadow as their primary group</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Pass7.2.5 Ensure no duplicate UIDs exist
Description:
Although the
useradd
program will not let you create a duplicate User ID (UID), it is possible for an administrator
to manually edit the
/etc/passwd
file and change the UID field.
Users must be assigned unique UIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate access
protections.
Satisfies: SRG-OS-000104-GPOS-00051, SRG-OS-000121-GPOS-00062, SRG-OS-000042-GPOS-00020
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique UIDs and review all files
owned by the shared UIDs to determine which UID they are supposed to belong to.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No duplicate UIDs exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.5_Ensure_no_duplicate_UIDs_exist"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.568+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: IA-2.1</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No duplicate UIDs exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_duplicate_uid.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No duplicate UIDs exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: IA-2.1
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass7.2.6 Ensure no duplicate GIDs exist
Description:
Although the
groupadd
program will not let you create a duplicate Group ID (GID), it is possible for an
administrator to manually edit the
/etc/group
file and change the GID field.
User groups must be assigned unique GIDs for accountability and to ensure appropriate
access protections.
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique GIDs and review all files
owned by the shared GID to determine which group they are supposed to belong to.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No duplicate GIDs exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.6_Ensure_no_duplicate_GIDs_exist"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.568+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No duplicate GIDs exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_duplicate_gid.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No duplicate GIDs exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass7.2.7 Ensure no duplicate user names exist
Description:
Although the
useradd
program will not let you create a duplicate user name, it is possible for an administrator
to manually edit the
/etc/passwd
file and change the user name.
If a user is assigned a duplicate user name, it will create and have access to files
with the first UID for that username in
/etc/passwd
. For example, if "test4" has a UID of 1000 and a subsequent "test4" entry has a UID
of 2000, logging in as "test4" will use UID 1000. Effectively, the UID is shared,
which is a security problem.
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique user names for the users.
File ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the users have unique
UIDs.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No duplicate Users exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.7_Ensure_no_duplicate_user_names_exist"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.568+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No duplicate Users exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_duplicate_username.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No duplicate Users exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Pass7.2.8 Ensure no duplicate group names exist
Description:
Although the
groupadd
program will not let you create a duplicate group name, it is possible for an administrator
to manually edit the
/etc/group
file and change the group name.
If a group is assigned a duplicate group name, it will create and have access to files
with the first GID for that group in
/etc/group
. Effectively, the GID is shared, which is a security problem.
Based on the results of the audit script, establish unique names for the user groups.
File group ownerships will automatically reflect the change as long as the groups
have unique GIDs.
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh |
| Result: |
Pass |
| Exit Value: |
101 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- *** PASS ***
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No duplicate Groups exist
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.8_Ensure_no_duplicate_group_names_exist"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.568+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>pass</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/0/subcontrol/0"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh"
xccdf="pass"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh"
exit-value="101">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> *** PASS ***</l>
<l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No duplicate Groups exist</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_duplicate_groupname.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="pass">Pass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>101</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> *** PASS ***</li>
<li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No duplicate Groups exist</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Subcontrol: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Not Explicitly Mapped: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
|
| Safeguard: |
0.0 |
| Label: |
Not Explicitly Mapped |
| Description: |
|
| Implementation Group: |
|
| Security Function: |
|
>
Fail7.2.9 Ensure local interactive user home directories are configured
Description:
The user home directory is space defined for the particular user to set local environment
variables and to store personal files. While the system administrator can establish
secure permissions for users' home directories, the users can easily override these.
Users can be defined in
/etc/passwd
without a home directory or with a home directory that does not actually exist.
Since the user is accountable for files stored in the user home directory, the user
must be the owner of the directory. Group or world-writable user home directories
may enable malicious users to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another
user's system privileges. If the user's home directory does not exist or is unassigned,
the user will be placed in "/" and will not be able to write any files or have local
environment variables set.
If a local interactive users' home directory is undefined and/or doesn't exist, follow
local site policy and perform one of the following:
- Lock the user account
- Remove the user from the system
-
create a directory for the user. If undefined, edit
/etc/passwd
and add the absolute path to the directory to the last field of the user.
Run the following script to:
- Remove excessive permissions from local interactive users home directories
- Update the home directory's owner
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output=() a_output2=() a_exists2=() a_mode2=() a_owner2=()
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}'
| paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
l_mask='0027'; l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"
l_users="$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }'
/etc/passwd | wc -l)"
[ "$l_users" -gt 10000 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " ** INFO **" \
" $l_users Local interactive users found on the system" " This may be a long running
process" " **********"
while IFS=" " read -r l_user l_home; do
if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then
while IFS=: read -r l_own l_mode; do
if [ "$l_user" != "$l_own" ]; then
a_owner2+=(" - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" is owned by: \"$l_own\"" \
" changing owner to: \"$l_user\"") && chown "$l_user" "$l_home"
fi
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
a_mode2+=(" - User: \"$l_user\" Home \"$l_home\" is mode: \"$l_mode\"" \
" changing to mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive")
chmod g-w,o-rwx "$l_home"
fi
done <<< "$(stat -Lc '%U:%#a' "$l_home")"
else
a_exists2+=(" - User: \"$l_user\" Home Directory: \"$l_home\" Doesn't exist")
fi
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }'
/etc/passwd)"
[ "${#a_exists2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output2+=("${a_exists2[@]}")
[ "${#a_mode2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output2+=("${a_mode2[@]}")
[ "${#a_owner2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output2+=("${a_owner2[@]}")
if [ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ]; then
printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}"
else
printf '%s\n' "" "- No changes required"
fi
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk_v2.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - Reason(s) for audit failure:
- - User: "gn" Home "/home/gn" is mode: "0755"
- should be mode: "750" or more restrictive
- - Correctly set:
- - All interactive users home directories exist
- - All interactive users own their home directory
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.9_Ensure_local_interactive_user_home_directories_are_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.568+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-6 b</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk_v2.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk_v2.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk_v2.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</l>
<l> - User: "gn" Home "/home/gn" is mode: "0755"</l>
<l> should be mode: "750" or more restrictive</l>
<l>- Correctly set:</l>
<l> - All interactive users home directories exist</l>
<l> - All interactive users own their home directory</l>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_user_home_directory_chk_v2.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - Reason(s) for audit failure:</li>
<li> - User: "gn" Home "/home/gn" is mode: "0755"</li>
<li> should be mode: "750" or more restrictive</li>
<li>- Correctly set:</li>
<li> - All interactive users home directories exist</li>
<li> - All interactive users own their home directory</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Revision 5 :: CM-6 b
- URL: NIST SP 800-53A :: CM-6.1 (iv)
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>
Fail7.2.10 Ensure local interactive user dot files access is configured
Description:
While the system administrator can establish secure permissions for users' "dot" files,
the users can easily override these.
- .forward
file specifies an email address to forward the user's mail to.
- .rhost
file provides the "remote authentication" database for the rcp, rlogin, and rsh commands
and the rcmd() function. These files bypass the standard password-based user authentication
mechanism. They specify remote hosts and users that are considered trusted (i.e. are
allowed to access the local system without supplying a password)
- .netrc
file contains data for logging into a remote host or passing authentication to an
API.
- .bash_history
file keeps track of the user’s commands.
User configuration files with excessive or incorrect access may enable malicious users
to steal or modify other users' data or to gain another user's system privileges.
Making global modifications to users' files without alerting the user community can
result in unexpected outages and unhappy users. Therefore, it is recommended that
a monitoring policy be established to report user dot file permissions and determine
the action to be taken in accordance with site policy.
The following script will:
-
remove excessive permissions on
dot
files within interactive users' home directories
-
change ownership of
dot
files within interactive users' home directories to the user
-
change group ownership of
dot
files within interactive users' home directories to the user's primary group
-
list
.forward
and
.rhost
files to be investigated and manually deleted
#!/usr/bin/env bash
{
a_output2=(); a_output3=()
l_maxsize="1000" # Maximum number of local interactive users before warning (Default
1,000)
l_valid_shells="^($( awk -F\/ '$NF != "nologin" {print}' /etc/shells | sed -rn '/^\//{s,/,\\\\/,g;p}'
| paste -s -d '|' - ))$"
a_user_and_home=() # Create array with local users and their home directories
while read -r l_local_user l_local_user_home; do # Populate array with users and user
home location
[[ -n "$l_local_user" && -n "$l_local_user_home" ]] && a_user_and_home+=("$l_local_user:$l_local_user_home")
done <<< "$(awk -v pat="$l_valid_shells" -F: '$(NF) ~ pat { print $1 " " $(NF-1) }'
/etc/passwd)"
l_asize="${#a_user_and_home[@]}" # Here if we want to look at number of users before
proceeding
[ "${#a_user_and_home[@]}" -gt "$l_maxsize" ] && printf '%s\n' "" " ** INFO **" \
" - \"$l_asize\" Local interactive users found on the system" \
" - This may be a long running check" ""
file_access_fix()
{
a_access_out=()
l_max="$( printf '%o' $(( 0777 & ~$l_mask)) )"
if [ $(( $l_mode & $l_mask )) -gt 0 ]; then
printf '%s\n' "" " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" is mode: \"$l_mode\" and should be mode:
\"$l_max\" or more restrictive" \
" Updating file: \"$l_hdfile\" to be mode: \"$l_max\" or more restrictive"
chmod "$l_change" "$l_hdfile"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_owner" =~ ($l_user) ]]; then
printf '%s\n' "" " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" owned by: \"$l_owner\" and should be owned
by \"${l_user//|/ or }\"" \
" Updating file: \"$l_hdfile\" to be owned by \"${l_user//|/ or }\""
chown "$l_user" "$l_hdfile"
fi
if [[ ! "$l_gowner" =~ ($l_group) ]]; then
printf '%s\n' "" " - File: \"$l_hdfile\" group owned by: \"$l_gowner\" and should
be group owned by \"${l_group//|/ or }\"" \
" Updating file: \"$l_hdfile\" to be group owned by \"${l_group//|/ or }\""
chgrp "$l_group" "$l_hdfile"
fi
}
while IFS=: read -r l_user l_home; do
a_dot_file=(); a_netrc=(); a_netrc_warn=(); a_bhout=(); a_hdirout=()
if [ -d "$l_home" ]; then
l_group="$(id -gn "$l_user" | xargs)";l_group="${l_group// /|}"
while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' l_hdfile; do
while read -r l_mode l_owner l_gowner; do
case "$(basename "$l_hdfile")" in
.forward | .rhost )
a_dot_file+=(" - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists" " Please review and manually delete
this file") ;;
.netrc )
l_mask='0177'; l_change="u-x,go-rwx"; file_access_fix
a_netrc_warn+=(" - File: \"$l_hdfile\" exists") ;;
.bash_history )
l_mask='0177'; l_change="u-x,go-rwx"; file_access_fix ;;
* )
l_mask='0133'; l_change="u-x,go-wx"; file_access_fix ;;
esac
done < <(stat -Lc '%#a %U %G' "$l_hdfile")
done < <(find "$l_home" -xdev -type f -name '.*' -print0)
fi
[ "${#a_dot_file[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output2+=(" - User: \"$l_user\" Home Directory:
\"$l_home\"" "${a_dot_file[@]}")
[ "${#a_netrc_warn[@]}" -gt 0 ] && a_output3+=(" - User: \"$l_user\" Home Directory:
\"$l_home\"" "${a_netrc_warn[@]}")
done <<< "$(printf '%s\n' "${a_user_and_home[@]}")"
[ "${#a_output3[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" " ** WARNING **" "${a_output3[@]}"
""
[ "${#a_output2[@]}" -gt 0 ] && printf '%s\n' "" "${a_output2[@]}"
}
Show Assessment Evidence
Complex Check
| AND |
| Script: |
sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh |
| Result: |
Fail |
| Exit Value: |
102 |
| Output: |
- - Audit Result:
- ** FAIL **
- - * Reasons for audit failure * :
- - User: "gn" Home Directory: "/home/gn"
- - File: "/home/gn/.mozilla/firefox/l1joyx8y.default-release/.parentlock" is mode:
"0664" and should be mode: "644" or more restrictive
- - * Correctly configured * :
- - No local interactive users home directories contain:
- - ".forward" or ".rhost" files
- - ".netrc" files with incorrect access configured
- - ".bash_history" files with incorrect access configured
|
| No error lines were collected. |
|
Show Rule Result XML
<xccdf:rule-result xmlns:xccdf="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:notes="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/notes"
xmlns:ae="http://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ae/0.5"
xmlns:ciscf="https://benchmarks.cisecurity.org/ciscf/1.0"
xmlns:cc7="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"
xmlns:cc6="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v6.1"
xmlns:ciscat-checklist="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:cc8="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"
xmlns="http://checklists.nist.gov/xccdf/1.2"
xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:scap-con="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/constructs/1.2"
xmlns:arf="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-reporting-format/1.1"
xmlns:dsc="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/scap/source/1.2"
xmlns:ai="http://scap.nist.gov/schema/asset-identification/1.1"
idref="xccdf_org.cisecurity.benchmarks_rule_7.2.10_Ensure_local_interactive_user_dot_files_access_is_configured"
role="full"
severity="unknown"
time="2025-07-20T12:04:24.568+01:00"
version="1"
weight="1.0">
<xccdf:result>fail</xccdf:result>
<xccdf:ident cc7:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0/control/14/subcontrol/6"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v7.0"/>
<xccdf:ident cc8:controlURI="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0/control/3/subcontrol/3"
system="http://cisecurity.org/20-cc/v8.0"/>
<xccdf:ident system="URL">NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5</xccdf:ident>
<xccdf:complex-check operator="AND" negate="false">
<xccdf:check system="http://open-scap.org/page/SCE"
negate="false"
multi-check="false">
<xccdf:check-content-ref href="sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh"/>
<xccdf:check-content>
<command_result href="sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh"
xccdf="fail"
script="/home/gn/openscap/build/sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh"
exit-value="102">
<out>
<l/>
<l/>
<l>- Audit Result:</l>
<l> ** FAIL **</l>
<l> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</l>
<l/>
<l> - User: "gn" Home Directory: "/home/gn"</l>
<l> - File: "/home/gn/.mozilla/firefox/l1joyx8y.default-release/.parentlock" is mode: "0664" and should be mode: "644" or more restrictive</l>
<l/>
<l/>
<l/>
<l>- * Correctly configured * :</l>
<l> - No local interactive users home directories contain:</l>
<l> - ".forward" or ".rhost" files</l>
<l> - ".netrc" files with incorrect access configured</l>
<l> - ".bash_history" files with incorrect access configured</l>
<l/>
</out>
<err/>
<env/>
</command_result>
</xccdf:check-content>
<evidence xmlns="http://cisecurity.org/evidence">
<div class="sce">
<table class="evidence-sep" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Script:</td>
<td>sce/nix_user_dot_files_access_chk.sh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Result:</td>
<td class="fail">Fail</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="bold">Exit Value:</td>
<td>102</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td class="bold">Output:</td>
<td>
<ul class="unstyled">
<li/>
<li/>
<li>- Audit Result:</li>
<li> ** FAIL **</li>
<li> - * Reasons for audit failure * :</li>
<li/>
<li> - User: "gn" Home Directory: "/home/gn"</li>
<li> - File: "/home/gn/.mozilla/firefox/l1joyx8y.default-release/.parentlock" is mode: "0664" and should be mode: "644" or more restrictive</li>
<li/>
<li/>
<li/>
<li>- * Correctly configured * :</li>
<li> - No local interactive users home directories contain:</li>
<li> - ".forward" or ".rhost" files</li>
<li> - ".netrc" files with incorrect access configured</li>
<li> - ".bash_history" files with incorrect access configured</li>
<li/>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="evidence" width="100%">
<tbody class="tbe">
<tr>
<td>No error lines were collected.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</evidence>
</xccdf:check>
</xccdf:complex-check>
</xccdf:rule-result>
References:
- URL: NIST SP 800-53 Rev. 5: CM-1, CM-2, CM-6, CM-7, IA-5
CIS Controls V7.0:
- Control 14: Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
The processes and tools used to track/control/prevent/correct secure access to critical
assets (e.g., information, resources, systems) according to the formal determination
of which persons, computers, and applications have a need and right to access these
critical assets based on an approved classification. |
| Subcontrol: |
14.6 |
| Label: |
Protect Information through Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Protect all information stored on systems with file system, network share, claims,
application, or database specific access control lists. These controls will enforce
the principle that only authorized individuals should have access to the information
based on their need to access the information as a part of their responsibilities. |
>
CIS Critical Security Controls V8.0:
- Control 3: Data Protection: -- More
| CIS Control Information |
| Control: |
Develop processes and technical controls to identify, classify, securely handle, retain,
and dispose of data. |
| Safeguard: |
3.3 |
| Label: |
Configure Data Access Control Lists |
| Description: |
Configure data access control lists based on a user's need to know. Apply data access
control lists, also known as access permissions, to local and remote file systems,
databases, and applications. |
| Implementation Group: |
IG-1 |
| Security Function: |
Protect |
>